https://ijels.com/Open Access international Journal to publish research paperen-usJune 12 Interpreting the theoretical origins and contemporary value of Xi Jinping's Thought on Diplomacy from the perspective of "macro-history" helps to deeply grasp its formative logic and historical context. This thought emerged at the intersection of global trends and the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, rooted in China's fine traditional culture, inheriting the essence of Marxist theory, drawing on historical experiences of modern national salvation, developing the diplomatic practices of New China, and innovatively proposing the concept of a "community with a shared future for mankind." It seeks to reshape the international order through the global governance principle of "wide consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefits," while driving practical transformation via the high-quality co-construction of the Belt and Road Initiative. As the fundamental guideline for China's diplomacy in the new era, Xi Jinping's Thought on Diplomacy not only demonstrates strategic resolve and historical confidence but also contributes a theoretical paradigm to the reform of the global governance system. https://ijels.com/detail/an-analysis-of-xi-jinping-s-diplomatic-thought-from-a-macro-historical-perspective/ Lei Shan, Yin Yang https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/1IJELS-10520267-AnAnalysis.pdf Literature has always been a medium of social exploration and articulation and through literary narratives such experiences and issues related to the psychology and mental health of students are explored and articulated. In contemporary time period students face issues such as academic competition, social expectations, pressure of making successful future, social comparison, identity conflict and anxiety related issues. Therefore students’ mental health becomes very essential and significant concern in contemporary time period. This paper examines students psychological and emotional vulnerability, anxiety disorder and identity conflict in selected contemporary literary narratives and also reflects upon contemporary youth culture. This study argues that when students face pressure of social expectations that demand success and confirmity, they go through anxiety, identity conflict and psychological disorder. Sylvia Plath’s novel ‘The Bell Jar’ (1963) and John Green’s ‘Turtles All Thee Way Down’ (2017) have been taken for this study. Both these literary narratives deal with the inner psychological conflict and anxiety disorder faced by the young protagonists of the novels. This paper articulates on the topic from the theoretical perspective of cultural and identity theory, particularly theory of Identity given by Erik Erikson and the concept of discourse developed by Michel Foucoult. Through the characters of the protagonists, the author has tried to articulate on the negotiation of social expectations and the sense of self and identity. There is portrayal of stigma surrounding mental health. This paper depicts how literature plays a vital role in promoting empathy and awareness about psychological problems faced by students and emphasize upon the possibility of recovery and healing from mental health struggles. This paper also offers symbolic representation of isolation and depression and reflects upon conflict and anxiety disorder, created by too many life expectations and possibilities in student life. https://ijels.com/detail/psychic-struggles-and-identity-formation-a-study-of-student-mental-health-in-contemporary-narratives/ Dr. Sheeba Parveen, Dr. Ansar Ahmad https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/2IJELS-10520268-Psychic.pdf Marc Bloch’s L’Étrange défaite, written immediately after the French collapse of 1940, remains one of the most powerful contemporary reflections on that event. As both a professional historian and a serving officer, Bloch diagnosed the disaster as fundamentally a defeat of knowledge—or more literally, a defeat of intelligence. This article revisits that formulation and argues that Bloch’s insight should not be reduced to a criticism of tactical backwardness, technological inferiority, or individual misjudgment. Rather, it points to a deeper and more structural failure of cognition embedded in the French military system, command culture, strategic doctrine, and the political-social order of the Third Republic. France’s defeat is thus interpreted not as a sudden and accidental breakdown, but as the culmination of a long-term process in which institutions, mental habits, and social structures failed to adapt to a transformed form and tempo of war. At the same time, Bloch’s interpretation, while exceptionally forceful, also bears the marks of its author’s position as both participant and witness. His analysis derived much of its strength from direct experience, but it was also shaped by the limits of a reserve officer’s perspective during a moment of national trauma. This article therefore seeks both to deepen and to qualify Bloch’s diagnosis. In doing so, it treats the French collapse as a case of structural cognitive failure in a modern state confronting the demands of mechanized warfare and accelerated strategic change. https://ijels.com/detail/a-defeat-of-knowledge-reinterpreting-the-french-collapse-of-1940-through-marc-bloch/ Li-Pen Wang https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/3IJELS-105202616-ADefeat.pdf Indian Writing in English(IWE) is in a new phase now, a phase that is free from the British or English influence in its writings. IWE, though it has its origins related to British literature, has progressed in its own way and established itself as a distinct literature with its unique features, setting it apart from the world of English literature. Indian writers with their distinct themes, styles, and narration contributed to the enrichment of Indian English literature and thereby raised the status of Indian English Literature (IEL). Aravind Adiga is one of the most prominent writers in Contemporary English Writing. His debut novel, “The White Tiger,” bagged the most prestigious “The Man Booker Prize” in 2008. The novel is known for its narrative, as it is appreciated by Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung as “A brilliant Debut…A marvelous narrator”.He received universal acclaim for his captivating storytelling. This artistic excellence can be the result of exemplary implication of narrative techniques. At a superficial understanding, The White Tiger appears to be primarily concerned with the social injustices and class struggles prevalent in India. This research paper analyzes the feminist narratological aspects of Aravind Adiga's novel, "The White Tiger." Through the critical lens of feminism, the research study aims to understand the novel by applying the concepts introduced by Lanser's feminist narratology. Though the story is primarily about Balram and his journey from being a chauffeur to an entrepreneur, the various female characters he came across in his life and the way they are narrated give a different perspective to the total impression that one gets by reading the novel. The detailed analysis of the novel, with a focus on the portrayal of characters, particularly female characters, the exercise of power by the characters, and intersectionality, reveals a different perspective on contemporary Indian society. Through this examination, the article contributes to a deeper understanding of the novel's portrayal of gender and its implications for feminist discourse. https://ijels.com/detail/exploring-the-feminist-narratological-aspects-within-the-white-tiger-by-aravind-adiga/ Aruna Kumari K, Dr. N. Solomon Benny https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/4IJELS-104202672-Exploring.pdf This article aims to highlight the decentering of the hegemonic discourse of the colonizer by the colonized. The study focused on the crossed gaze of the otjize: the colorization of the Himba female body: between colorist opinions of the Khoush colonizer and Africans’ cultural identity. With Afrocentricity as a theoretical basis, we first demonstrated that the otjize symbolizes authentic African feminine beauty. On the other hand, through the lens of postcolonial studies, we have indicated that the whitewashing of the female body with red clay is subject to colorist criticism on the part of the Khoush colonizer. Finally, we have observed that though in a diasporic situation, women succeed in resisting and subverting the process of subjectification set in motion by the global Kush civilization owing to the attachment to their cultural identity https://ijels.com/detail/otjize-body-dyeing-with-red-clay-between-colorism-and-cultural-identity-in-binti-by-nnedi-okorafor/ Resnais Ulrich Kacou, Donafani Siaka Kone https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/5IJELS-104202660-Otjize.pdf The province of Odisha has carved a niche for itself in the global arena by virtue of three extraordinary things: (1) the sun temple at Konark, (2) Jagannath dham at Puri, and (3) Odissi, the classical dance form. While there's abundance of literature and discursive accounts about the first two, that way, the last one, Odissi, suffers from a dearth of knowledge portals. But for a few and far articles here and there, there's no substantive accounts available about this unique cultural art form and tradition. In spite of its prominent presence over a prolonged period of time, strangely enough, till late 20th century, many have made effort to undermine Odissi by considering it as a mere mimetic version of Bharatanatyam or Kuchipudi. Even though this point-of-view holds no ground in recent times, the lack of adequate credible accounts about the origin and history of this splendid dance form has somehow helped this viewpoint to score a point. Although pinpointing the exact origin of Odissi is nearly impossible, archaeological evidence confirms a tradition that dates back to over two thousand years. The Odissi dance of contemporary times may be less than a hundred years old in its present form, but the knowledge tradition of Odra-Magadhi dance and music has continued in various forms across the Odisha region. This chapter aims at offering a historical overview of this rich dance tradition. The focal length of this chapter ranges from the stone carvings of Konark to the stage of the Konark International Dance Festival. https://ijels.com/detail/odissi-the-cultural-crest-of-odisha-a-historical-overview/ Dr Shakti Shankar Dandapat, Ankit Rout https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/6IJELS-10520262-Odissi.pdf Graffiti has evolved from acts of vandalism to expressions of cultural resistance and political commentary. As an art form and a social discourse, graffiti represents a counter-narrative to the dominant ideologies that shape urban spaces. This paper examines graffiti as a counter-cultural practice that challenges established structures of power, aesthetics, and spatial control. Drawing upon Michel de Certeau’s The Practice of Everyday Life, the study interprets graffiti as a tactical expression within the strategic systems of the city. By situating graffiti within the global, Indian, and Kerala contexts, the paper demonstrates how acts of wall writing, stenciling, and street art become everyday practices of resistance. Through theoretical frameworks of counterculture and resistance—drawing on thinkers such as Marcuse, Hebdige, Hall, and Lefebvre—this analysis positions graffiti as an evolving site of negotiation between the governed and the governing, the visible and the erased, the dominant and the subaltern. https://ijels.com/detail/walls-of-rebellion-graffiti-as-counter-culture/ Parvathy Rajan, Dr. Dhanya Johnson https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/7IJELS-104202674-Walls.pdf The escalating environmental crisis is frequently framed through a universalized lens of “global threat,” a discourse that obscures the uneven distribution of ecological vulnerability. This article examines Amitav Ghosh’s The Hungry Tide (2004) as a sophisticated counter-archive that challenges abstract narratives by documenting the intersection of ecological degradation and structural abandonment in the Bengal Sundarbans. Using concepts such as Achille Mbembe’s 'Necropolitics', Rob Nixon’s 'Slow Violence', and Judith Butler’s notion of 'Grievability', the study argues that the Sundarbans acts as a “State of Exception” where the postcolonial state decides whose lives are allowed to be lived and whose are allowed to wither. The concept of Ecoprecarity is central to this analysis. It captures the entanglement of damaged environments with the corporeal vulnerability of the subaltern body. This article analyses how conservation and development have been weaponised as necropolitical tools, as well as the historical Morichjhapi massacre and the struggles of characters like Fokir. The state naturalizes systemic neglect by privileging endangered species over marginalised settlers. The state also frames death as inevitable “acts of God” rather than outcomes of political choice. Ultimately, Ghosh’s novel resists the erasure of ungrievable lives, offering a visceral critique of an environmentalism detached from social justice. https://ijels.com/detail/ecoprecarity-and-necropolitical-sovereignty-in-amitav-ghosh-s-the-hungry-tide/ Rajesh Kumar Maity https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/8IJELS-10520266-Ecoprecarity.pdf Energy is usually evaluated in terms of scientific and environmental parameters. These parameters shape the surroundings around us and influence the socio-cultural aspects of our life. Inner energy is also one of the essential parameters of energy which is a matter of concern in the current scenario. The teachings of one of the most prominent 15th century Indian poet and singer, Kabir are well incorporated with the elements of nature in the form of literary devices such as metaphors, satire, irony, paradox and others in a rather straightforward and a direct approach. The study would explore and analyze how the nature elements used as literary devices in the verses of Kabir can be instrumental in diverting and directing one’s energy from the negative or materialistic aspects of life towards something that in reality may contribute towards self-realization, inner-peace, contention and a joyful perception of life for one and all. The select study would cover areas which were not only essential during the era of Kabir but also hold timeless appeal and relevance even at the times at present. https://ijels.com/detail/the-philosophy-of-inner-energy-and-self-realization-in-the-verses-of-kabir/ Srishti, Dr. Shruti Srivastava https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/9IJELS-105202624-ThePhilosophy.pdf One of the multifaceted topics in the literary tradition is women’s oppression as it is associated with social female issues such as marginalization, self-determination, inequality, rights …etc. The novelist, Alka Joshi, dealt with the issue of women’s oppression in her novels, particularly The Henna Artist (2020) and The Secret Keeper of Jaipur (2021). Hence, the main job of this paper is, through the application of Jeffries’ toolkit, to investigate the linguistic and stylistic constructions of women's oppression in these novels. Based on qualitative and quantitative research procedure, thirty extract are drawn from these two novels and analyzed in terms of Jeffries (2010) conceptual-textual functions. The study concludes that in the two novels, women struggle to stand against negative aspects in a society, such as gender inequality, patriarchy, women discrimination, marginalization. The writer, through her female characters, tries to depict women as feeble creatures who undergo male control and power. https://ijels.com/detail/ideology-portrayal-of-women-s-oppression-in-joshi-s-selected-novels/ Ashwaq Naji Jumaa, Prof. Sarab Kadir Mugair https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/10IJELS-105202629-Ideology.pdf Jodi Picoult is an American novelist, renowned for her negotiations with clinical hegemony. Her novel, Handle with Care (2009), could be deemed a poignant entry point into the labyrinthine of clinical ethics, disability studies and the pragmatic management of family politics by mothers. Hence, this article is an investigation of the narrative through the lenses of clinical surveillance. It is an examination of the protagonist’s intense legal and medical negotiations. Willow O’Keefe, who is the protagonist, is the quantified child, born with Type III Osteogenesis Imperfecta. Central to the examination is the wrongful birth lawsuit initiated by Willow’s mother, Charlotte, against her own family doctor. This is the quintessential issue addressed in this article. Thus, the idea of the quantified child stays pivotal in the progression of the novel. This article also attends to those consequences of the legal process that systematically reduces Willow’s existence to a series of economic liabilities, incorporated by medical cost and familial limitation. This article is one adamant argument that clinical hegemony demands the commodification of Willow’s disability. This quantification reduces the child to the fragmentation of self and, eventually, to the loss of identity. Obviously, the child is stripped of her inherent personhood; she is transformed into a data point within the clinical framework. Hence Michel Foucault’s theory of biopolitics is utilized in this article, in order to investigate the clinical surveillance of the disabled Willow and the maternal performance by Charlotte, the mother. In Handle With Care, Picoult advances the point that the familial sphere is no longer private. The article closes with the finding that Handle With Care exposes the dehumanizing gaze of clinical hegemony, which readily views an individual disability through the lens of risk management. https://ijels.com/detail/the-quantified-child-under-biopolitical-surveillance-disability-and-maternal-responsibility-in-jodi-picoult-s-handle-with-care/ J. Linus Jude, Dr. J. Praveena https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/11IJELS-104202668-TheQuantified.pdf This paper explores the potential of recreational linguistics as an innovative and interdisciplinary tool for discourse analysis in literary studies. Traditionally perceived as a domain of playful language activities such as puns, anagrams, palindromes, and linguistic humour, rebus puzzles, recreational linguistics is re-examined here as a meaningful analytical framework that reveals deeper cognitive, cultural, and ideological dimensions embedded within texts. Drawing on principles from linguistics, cognitive science, and cultural studies, the paper argues that language play is not merely ornamental but constitutes a significant mode of meaning-making that shapes reader interpretation and engagement. The study situates recreational linguistics within contemporary approaches to discourse analysis, demonstrating how playful linguistic structures can uncover implicit power relations, social identities, and cultural narratives in literary discourse. It further highlights the relevance of recreational language practices in the digital age, where memes, hash tags, and online humour function as dynamic forms of discourse. Through selected literary and media examples, the paper illustrates how linguistic creativity operates as a site of negotiation between authorial intent and reader response. Additionally, the paper underscores the pedagogical implications of incorporating recreational linguistics into English language teaching, particularly in enhancing critical thinking, interpretive skills, and student engagement. By bridging the gap between entertainment and analysis, recreational linguistics emerges as a valuable multidisciplinary approach that enriches discourse analysis and redefines the boundaries of literary interpretation in the 21st century. https://ijels.com/detail/recreational-linguistics-and-the-dynamics-of-discourse-an-interdisciplinary-approach/ Dr. S. Kanya Kumari https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/12IJELS-105202614-Recreational.pdf Despite policy frameworks mandating gender equality in Philippine education, masculine-centric linguistic defaults persist in classrooms. This study assessed Senior High School students' awareness of Gender-Fair Language (GFL), their attitudes toward its classroom use, its perceived impact on inclusive culture, and the interventions needed to support a Gender-Fair Language Lexicon at Colegio de San Rafael Arcangel, Inc. A quantitative design was employed using random sampling; a researcher-developed, expert-validated sixty-item Likert-scale survey was administered and analyzed through mean, standard deviation, and rank. Findings reveal that students are Moderately Aware of Gender-Fair Language and hold a Somewhat Positive attitude toward its use, strongest for institutionalized occupational substitutions and weakest for non-binary honorifics. Attitudinal endorsement was strong at the normative level but inconsistent in habitual application. The study concludes that the school community exists in a state of "passive readiness" — adequate cognitive understanding without the structural mechanisms for consistent practice. In response, In Fairness: A Lexicon for Inclusive Communication was developed as a localized, faith-aligned instructional resource. https://ijels.com/detail/gender-fair-lexicon-from-biased-to-inclusive-language/ Avegail T. Temporal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/13IJELS-10520269-Gender.pdf This study investigates the use of hedges in the emerging genre of academic writing known as Transparent Peer Review (TPR). Unlike traditional blind review processes, TPR Writing Process, characterized by its open and inclusive nature, reveals the entire peer review process publicly , and thus allows academic readers to access reviewer reports and authorial responses along with the published article. Drawing on a corpus of twenty TPR reports from various Publications, this study aims to explore the role of hedges in transparent peer review. Using qualitative methods to explore several dimensions of hedging in this genre, it seeks to understand whether researchers and scholars participating in TPR employ hedges, what types of hedging strategies are used by reviewers and authors, how prevalence differs between these participant groups, and what functions hedges fulfil in the transparent review process. Drawing on a corpus of twenty TPR reports from Publications—an international quarterly peer-reviewed open-access journal—this investigation employs qualitative methods to explore several dimensions of hedging in this specific genre. The findings revealed that even though both authors and reviewers employ hedging techniques in their correspondence during the TPR process, the former use fewer hedges than the latter. It was also found that lexical hedges are predominate over strategic hedges. On the other hand, the functions of hedging in the TPR reports we have analyzed remain the same as their functions in other academic genres as to softening the truth value of the claim, showing the writer’s commitment to be a responsible and informed member of the scholarly community, and demonstrating awareness of one's audience etc. https://ijels.com/detail/hedging-strategies-in-transparent-peer-review-a-genre-based-analysis/ Nurettin Köroğlu https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/14IJELS-10520263-Hedging.pdf This paper investigates the causal link between childhood trauma and the development of borderline personality disorder (BPD), as portrayed through the formal and thematic structures of 20th- and 21st-century English literary representations. By synthesising Marsha Linehan’s biosocial theory and Mary Zanarini’s multifactorial model with contemporary trauma theory, the analysis elucidates how early environmental invalidation triggers the structural instability of the "fragmented self" (Linehan, 1993; Zanarini, 1997). Moving beyond a broad thematic survey, the study anchors its micro-close reading in a stable theoretical frame to analyse how narrative techniques—such as temporal disjunction, unreliable narration, and somatic metaphors—reflect the cognitive and emotional dimensions of BPD, specifically within the context of Theory of Mind (ToM) deficits (Balaev, 2012). Crucially, the paper theorises that behaviours such as sadomasochistic behaviour are derivative consequences of childhood trauma, functioning as maladaptive re-enactments aimed at achieving mastery over past injury (Freud, 1920). By analysing a justified corpus of five major works, the report establishes the "trauma text" and the practice of scriptotherapy as mimetic equivalents to clinical realities of identity diffusion and emotion dysregulation (Plath, 1963; Kaysen, 1993). https://ijels.com/detail/the-architecture-of-absence-childhood-trauma-borderline-personality-disorder-and-the-fragmented-narrative-in-english-literary-representations/ Deepti Yadav, Dr Neeta https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/15IJELS-105202617-TheArchitecture.pdf This paper examines the theme of psychological resistance in the novels of Toni Morrison, arguing that Morrison redefines resistance not merely as physical rebellion against oppression but as an internal struggle for selfhood, memory, healing, and emotional survival. Through characters who confront racial trauma, gendered violence, historical erasure, and internalized oppression, Morrison portrays psychological resistance as an enduring process of reclaiming identity within dehumanizing social systems. Focusing primarily on The Bluest Eye, Sula, Beloved, and God Help the Child, this paper explores how Morrison’s characters resist domination through memory, silence, self-definition, emotional endurance, and communal healing. Drawing upon trauma theory, psychoanalytic criticism, and Black feminist thought, the study demonstrates that Morrison transforms the psychological scars of slavery, racism, and patriarchy into spaces of resistance and recovery. Morrison’s fiction ultimately suggests that survival itself becomes an act of resistance when Black individuals refuse complete psychological submission to oppressive structures. https://ijels.com/detail/psychological-resistance-in-the-works-of-toni-morrison/ Aashima Kajal, Dr. B. M. Yadav https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/16IJELS-105202699-Psychological.pdf This paper analyses the colonisation of woman’s body in Eating Wasps by Anita Nair with special reference to patriarchy, sexuality, gender oppression and bodily autonomy. Anita Nair presents the emotional and psychological struggles of women living in a male-dominated society where female sexuality is suppressed, controlled and condemned through rigid cultural codes. The novel portrays how patriarchal structures attempt to dominate women physically, emotionally and psychologically by reducing them to objects of desire and instruments of male pleasure. The study examines the experiences of various women characters such as Urvasi, Sreelakshmi, Najma, Megha and Theresa, whose lives reveal the multiple forms of violence inflicted upon the female body. Women who express their desires openly are marginalised and humiliated by society, whereas men escape social condemnation even after exploiting women emotionally and physically. Sreelakshmi’s tragic relationship with Markose exposes the selfishness and hypocrisy of patriarchal morality where women become victims of male desire and abandonment. Similarly, the sexual assault of Megha and the acid attack on Najma reveal how brutal masculine power seeks to control and punish women who attempt to assert their individuality and freedom. Further, the paper explores how women themselves become instruments of domination within patriarchal culture. Characters like Theresa attempt to possess and control others through jealousy and emotional violence, thereby demonstrating that colonisation of the body operates at multiple levels within society. Drawing upon Luce Irigaray concept of bodily autonomy, the paper argues that women must reclaim ownership of their bodies and resist patriarchal structures that commodify female sexuality. The paper concludes that Anita Nair exposes the emotional trauma, exploitation and dehumanisation experienced by women in contemporary society while simultaneously celebrating the female body as a source of identity, power and selfhood. Through her women characters, Nair advocates the liberation of women from oppressive cultural ideologies and emphasises the need for bodily freedom, dignity and equality. https://ijels.com/detail/colonisation-of-woman-s-body-an-analysis-of-anita-nair-s-novel-eating-wasps/ Dr. E. Jothi Kirubha https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/17IJELS-105202612-Colonisation.pdf This paper examines the intersections of existential philosophy and feminist thought in Jean-Paul Sartre’s short story “Intimacy”. Drawing upon the philosophical frameworks of Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, and other key theorists, the study explores how the narrative reflects themes of freedom, identity, and the condition of woman as the ‘Other.’ Through an analytical approach, the paper investigates the psychological and existential struggles of the female characters, particularly Lulu, highlighting the tension between autonomy and social conditioning. It further argues that while Sartre’s work does not explicitly engage with feminist discourse, Beauvoirian influence is evident in its portrayal of gendered experience. The paper concludes that “Intimacy” offers a subtle yet significant engagement with existential feminism, revealing the complex dynamics between embodiment, freedom, and identity. https://ijels.com/detail/echoes-of-feminist-existentialism-in-jean-paul-sartre-s-intimacy/ Rishab Saha https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/18IJELS-105202615-Echoes.pdf Toni Morrison’s Beloved (1987) is a landmark novel that explores the haunting legacy of slavery through the psychological trauma of its characters. Centered around Sethe, a formerly enslaved woman who is haunted by the ghost of her dead daughter, Beloved examines the impact of generational trauma, the struggle for identity, and the complex dynamics of motherhood. Morrison masterfully weaves historical memory, supernatural elements, and fragmented narrative techniques to depict how slavery’s horrors persist long after physical emancipation. This research paper analyses Beloved through the lens of postcolonial trauma theory and psychoanalysis, exploring how memory, guilt, and maternal sacrifice shape Sethe’s identity. The paper examines the function of the ghostly Beloved as a metaphor for unresolved historical trauma, the psychological consequences of slavery on the Black female body, and how Morrison challenges traditional narratives of motherhood and freedom. By interrogating the intersections of race, gender, and historical memory, this study positions Beloved as a critical intervention in the discourse of slavery’s lingering psychological scars. https://ijels.com/detail/beloved-the-haunting-of-slavery-memory-trauma-and-motherhood/ K. Mubasheera, Dr. N. Vijayakumari https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/19IJELS-105202623-Beloved.pdf Hinduism, as a religious section became political in Modern India. Political religiosity became a power-oriented system and Shashi Tharoor analyses different aspects of the origin, aims and activities of this system to amass power for the survival. This book brings to light, the formation of Hindutva, the political phase of Hinduism and the different layers of emphasis that it exerts over various fields of the country. This article concludes with the notion of Tharoor regarding the supremacy of constitution. https://ijels.com/detail/political-undertones-of-hinduism-in-the-light-of-the-book-why-i-am-a-hindu-by-shashi-tharoor/ Dr Krishna Kumar R https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/20IJELS-10520261-Political.pdf In the context of frequent international exchanges around the world, metro prompt words also play an important role in cultural communication. This paper takes Skopos Theory as the theoretical perspective to explore the translation strategies of metro prompt words. After analyzing the importance, research progress and trends of metro prompt words, this paper puts forward targeted translation strategies based on the three rules of Skopos Theory, and verifies the effectiveness of the strategies with examples of prompt words in different scenarios such as station entry, riding and exit. Finally, it puts forward optimization suggestions such as strengthening translator training, establishing a quality review mechanism and unifying translation standards, and discusses the enlightenment of Skopos Theory to the translation of other public signs. This study enriches the application of Skopos Theory in the field of public sign translation and provides a reference for the translation practice of metro prompt words. https://ijels.com/detail/a-study-on-translation-strategies-of-metro-prompt-words-under-skopos-theory/ Zhu Ling https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/21IJELS-105202628-AStudy.pdf Mythology does not merely preserve cultural memory; it also shapes social attitudes toward women, sexuality, obedience, and moral legitimacy. Indian mythological narratives have historically represented women through patriarchal ideals such as chastity, sacrifice, and devotion, thereby reducing female subjectivity to symbolic functions within male-centered traditions. Power Women: A Journey into Hindu Mythology, Folklore and History by Pushpa Kurup revisits mythological women whose voices have been marginalized or distorted within dominant retellings. This paper examines Kurup's reinterpretation of Madhavi, Renuka, and Kannagi through the theoretical framework developed by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak in "Can the Subaltern Speak?". Spivak's argument shifts attention from silence itself to the structures that prevent marginalized women from being heard on their own terms. The paper also engages feminist scholars such as Uma Chakravarti, Simone de Beauvoir, and Shulamith Firestone to situate Kurup's work within broader feminist debates on patriarchy, female sexuality, and bodily control. Madhavi is commodified through reproductive exchange, Renuka is disciplined through surveillance of female desire, and Kannagi acquires authority only after conforming completely to patriarchal ideals of chastity and wifely devotion. Together, these narratives demonstrate that mythology does not simply reflect patriarchy but actively participates in preserving and legitimizing it. Kurup's feminist reinterpretation exposes the emotional and psychological dimensions erased by traditional retellings and restores complexity to women who were historically reduced to moral symbols. https://ijels.com/detail/commodified-disciplined-deified-mythological-women-and-patriarchal-power-in-pushpa-kurup-s-power-women/ Santhosh Patel, Dr. Seema Choudhary https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/22IJELS-105202621-Commodified.pdf With the widespread popularity of social media platforms in Taiwan, the methods, actors, and pathways of disseminating the image of mainland China in Taiwanese society have undergone profound changes. The traditional one-way communication model dominated by mainstream media has gradually shifted to a multi-actor interactive communication model involving official accounts, opinion leaders, and ordinary users. This study focuses on three major platforms—Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok—and employs theories such as framing theory, national image construction theory, and the "other-shaping vs. self-shaping" perspective. Through methods like content analysis, framing analysis, sentiment analysis, and discourse analysis, it examines content related to mainland China on Taiwanese social media over the past three years. The findings reveal that the image of mainland China on Taiwanese social media is co-constructed by multiple actors, with significant differences in framing strategies among them. Official accounts emphasize frameworks of political unification and developmental achievements; opinion leaders favor cultural resonance and emotional engagement, while ordinary users tend toward lifestyle and entertainment-oriented expressions. The cultural resonance framework is most likely to generate positive interactions, whereas the political unification framework is more prone to spark controversy and polarization. Platform algorithms, user interactions, and short-video mechanisms collectively influence the visibility and acceptance of mainland China's image. This study proposes communication strategies such as actor coordination, framing optimization, pathway innovation, and algorithm adaptation. https://ijels.com/detail/construction-of-taiwan-s-social-media-image-in-chinese-mainland-from-the-perspectives-of-other-construction-and-self-construction-research/ Chao-Chun Shen https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/23IJELS-105202650-Construction.pdf Ismat Chughtai’s fiction engages the body as a deeply political and spiritual site, where desire, silence, and moral regulation intersect. This paper examines how Chughtai represents same-sex female intimacy not as moral collapse but as an alternative form of emotional and spiritual truth. Focusing primarily on Lihaaf and selected short stories, the study explores how queer desire, though socially coded as sin, becomes a source of comfort, care, and existential survival for women confined within patriarchal and religious respectability. Drawing on Michel Foucault’s understanding of sexuality as a discourse of power and Sara Ahmed’s work on affect and orientation, the paper argues that Chughtai subtly relocates spirituality from institutional religion to lived intimacy. While heteronormative morality denies queer bodies spiritual legitimacy, Chughtai’s narratives suggest that desire itself functions as a form of inward faith, a quiet commitment to emotional honesty. Spirituality, therefore, is not abandoned but transformed. Situated in the turbulent context of late-colonial India and Partition, Chughtai’s writing anticipates contemporary queer literary concerns by showing how private desire becomes a refuge from social, political, and moral violence. Her restrained narrative style, marked by suggestion, irony, and silence, allows queer embodiment to exist without moral spectacle. A brief comparative reading of Ocean Vuong’s On Earth We’re Briefly Gorgeous and Akwaeke Emezi’s Freshwater demonstrates how contemporary queer writers continue this redefinition of spirituality beyond religious doctrine. Read together, they reveal a queer literary tradition in which desire is not opposed to spirituality, but becomes its most honest language. https://ijels.com/detail/silent-desires-and-sacred-truths-ismat-chughtai-and-the-queer-rewriting-of-flesh-and-spirit/ Ananya https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/24IJELS-105202634-Silent.pdf Migration is a well-known process, movement of people from one place to another, this may be due to certain reasons like, employment opportunities, education purposes, enhance the standard of living etc. This study mainly focuses on the effects of social isolation on the psychological and emotional well-being of international migrant students from Kerala to the United Kingdom for educational purposes. Migration of young students is increasing day by day because of the high quality and world class education provided by the other countries and also the better infrastructure facilities. The objective of the present study was to find out the effects of social isolation on the psychological well being of international students. This study also studies about the financial or socio-economic background of the respondents and the causes or factors contributing to social isolation and the coping mechanisms they used to combat loneliness and isolation. The present study is a cross-sectional study conducted among 60 international migrant students from Kerala residing in United Kingdom for up to three years. The data was collected through structured questionnaires. The major finding of the present study is financial or economic aspect is the most significant factor that contribute to social isolation and loneliness followed by cultural and language barrier. This study contributes to the existing body of literature on the factors contributing to social isolation faced by the international student by providing a focused analysis of Malayali students' experiences residing in the United Kingdom and underscores the need for culturally sensitive support systems in educational institutions for better environment that fosters meaningful social relationships. This information is valuable for the educational institution and mental health sectors to create a supportive environment for the migrated students to enhance their psychological well-being and academic success. https://ijels.com/detail/factors-contributing-to-social-isolation-and-loneliness-and-its-effect-on-the-psychological-well-being-of-malayali-migrant-students-in-uk/ Athira Venugopal, Dr. Sibin Mathew Medayil https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/25IJELS-105202651-Factors.pdf Mother Mary Comes to Me (2025) is Arundhati Roy’s first full-length autobiographical work since The God of Small Things won the Booker Prize in 1997. The memoir reconstructs Roy’s complex relationship with her mother, Mary Roy, the Kerala-based educator and women’s rights activist whose 1986 legal victory secured equal inheritance rights for Syrian Christian women. This review examines the memoir along four interlocking axes: the emotional architecture of the mother–daughter bond, the feminist and social commentary woven through the narrative, the lyrical and non-linear style that mirrors the workings of memory, and the larger ethical questions about love, grief, and inheritance that the book raises. The paper argues that Roy refuses both hagiography and bitter indictment, instead modelling a mature mode of remembrance in which admiration, resentment, and tenderness coexist. The memoir is read here as both an intimate elegy and an act of cultural critique, extending Roy’s long-standing engagement with patriarchy, class, and political violence into the register of personal life writing. https://ijels.com/detail/mother-mary-comes-to-me-a-critical-reading-of-arundhati-roy-s-memoir-on-motherhood-memory-and-resistance/ Reshmi C R https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/26IJELS-105202646-MotherMary.pdf Aravind Adiga's Booker Prize-winning novel The White Tiger (2008) has been widely examined as a narrative of class rebellion and postcolonial critique; however, its feminist and subaltern dimensions remain critically underexplored. This paper interrogates the novel through a feminist-subaltern framework, drawing upon Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak's foundational question "Can the subaltern speak?” to examine the structurally silenced, rendered invisible, and doubly marginalised female figures who haunt Balram Halwai's first-person confession. While Balram's voice dominates the narrative, the women surrounding him, Kishan's unnamed wife, Pinky Madam, and the shadowy figures of the Darkness, are confined to the periphery of language, agency, and self-representation, embodying the condition of the subaltern within contemporary India's fractured socio-economic landscape. The paper is organized into five interlocking sections: an introduction situating the novel within postcolonial feminist discourse; a review of the intellectual genealogy of subaltern studies from Gramsci through the Subaltern Studies Collective to Spivak's feminist revision; a close textual analysis of female characters as embodiments of double subordination; an examination of the limits and possibilities of defiance; and a contextualisation of the novel's gender politics within contemporary India. The study ultimately argues that the novel's true subaltern is not Balram — who ultimately speaks and escapes — but the women whose silence makes his voice possible. https://ijels.com/detail/the-white-tiger-through-the-lens-of-feminism/ Dr Divya Singh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/27IJELS-104202667-TheWhite.pdf This paper revisits Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea as an existential hero who faces isolation, meaninglessness, and loss in an uncaring universe. Going beyond the classical interpretations of stoicism or Christian allegory, the paper puts Santiago into an existential context that incorporates the views of Camus and Sartre. The sea is symbolized as the absurd state of human life- vast, indifferent, and unpredictable- and the human quest of meaning amidst unavoidable loss is dramatized, as Santiago struggles alone against the marlin and the sharks. His statement that a man may be destroyed but not defeated is a statement that expresses a philosophy, which is not based on outward achievements but rather on internal determination and conscious decision making. Santiago gives meaning to a world in which there is none by means of suffering, endurance and self-definition. The study claims that the heroism of Santiago is not in his victory over the nature but his resistance to giving up agency when confronting absurdity. In the end, the novel turns out to be deep reflection on existential dignity and moral strength on the part of Hemingway. https://ijels.com/detail/existential-isolation-and-the-search-for-meaning-in-an-absurd-universe-re-reading-santiago-as-hemingway-s-existential-hero/ Moumita Biswas https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/28IJELS-105202611-Existential.pdf The Waste Land by T. S. Eliot stands as one of the most significant poetic representations of the spiritual, cultural, and psychological crisis of the twentieth century. Written in the aftermath of the First World War, the poem reflects the fragmentation and disillusionment of modern urban civilization. This paper examines the themes of urban alienation and cultural crisis as portrayed in the poem through Eliot’s use of fragmented imagery, mythical references, and symbolic landscapes. The modern city, particularly London, appears as a barren and lifeless space where individuals experience emotional isolation, loss of identity, and moral decay. Eliot presents urban life as mechanical and spiritually empty, exposing the collapse of human relationships and the decline of traditional cultural and religious values.The study further explores how Eliot employs multiple voices, allusions, and shifting narrative techniques to depict the confusion and instability of modern existence. The poem’s fragmented structure mirrors the fractured condition of post-war society and emphasizes the crisis of communication and meaning in contemporary life. At the same time, Eliot’s incorporation of myth and religious symbolism suggests a search for spiritual renewal amid cultural degeneration. By critically analyzing the social and psychological dimensions of alienation in The Waste Land, this paper highlights Eliot’s concern with the dehumanizing effects of modernity and the need for cultural regeneration. The poem ultimately emerges as a profound critique of modern civilization and its crisis of values. https://ijels.com/detail/urban-alienation-and-cultural-crisis-in-the-waste-land-of-t-s-eliot/ Dr. Sarbani Sankar Panigrahi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/29IJELS-105202652-Urban.pdf Ismat Chughtai remains one of the most influential literary voices of twentieth-century India. A pioneer of feminist Urdu literature, she explored themes such as gender discrimination, female sexuality, class hierarchy, and social oppression with remarkable boldness and realism. Her writings challenged patriarchal structures and gave voice to women whose experiences had long remained suppressed within conservative society. This paper examines the relationship between Chughtai’s life experiences and her literary vision through a study of her autobiography A Life in Words: Memoirs and major fictional works such as Lihaaf. It further analyses her contribution to feminist discourse, her association with the Progressive Writers’ Association, and her portrayal of women’s resistance against social and cultural restrictions. Chughtai’s realism, sharp social observation, and fearless narrative style enabled her to expose the hypocrisies of a male-dominated society and redefine women’s representation in South Asian literature. The paper argues that Chughtai not only transformed Urdu fiction but also emerged as a revolutionary literary figure whose works continue to remain relevant in contemporary feminist studies. https://ijels.com/detail/breaking-the-silence-feminism-realism-and-resistance-in-the-writings-of-ismat-chughtai/ Dr. Fatima Ashana https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/30IJELS-105202633-Breaking.pdf The AR and VR Technologies are changing the world from the way we know it, reshaping industries by combining physicals and digital integration. The transformation of an attire for an exhibition or a runway show into an immersive digital avatar is a change of an era. This cutting-edge sophisticated technology empowers designers to exceed real world boundaries and create engaging and interactive narratives which increase perception, attention and appreciation. In this paper, I study AR and VR immersion and their use in creating fashion brand presentations, including those that completely transformed the fashion industry using advanced technologies. The biggest benefit in using AR/VR for apparel digitization is the ability to create alternative sustainable remediation for ordinary shows by saving on travel, venue, and physical material costs. Virtual reality fashion experiences also provide opportunities for cross-cultural interaction and engagement through accessible fashion. However, is it still easy to argue against the added challenges such as high production expenditure, technological inhibitions, and unwillingness to adopt AR/VR. Regardless these hurdles, AR and VR continues to change the narrative of the fashion world in terms of creativity and technology, consumer engagement and design storytelling with the passage of time. https://ijels.com/detail/immersive-storytelling-how-ar-vr-is-transforming-fashion-runways-and-exhibitions/ Shivangi Srivastava, Mahek Fatima https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/31IJELS-105202627-Immersive.pdf Biomedical field is an emerging sector in the healthcare industry of the Philippines. As mandated by the Health Department, hospitals are required to have biomedical management program to monitors, supervise and maintain medical equipment to ensure that health facilities are providing quality healthcare to the public. This study is conducted to determine the extent of biomedical policy awareness and implementation in terms of calibration, preventive maintenance, corrective maintenance, inventory management and documentation of Mt. Grace Resources Management Inc. biomedical technicians across partner hospitals of Mt. Grace Hospitals Inc. network. The study employed descriptive-correlational research design using a structured survey questionnaire as the main tool for data gathering with in-house MGRMI biomedical technician across MGHI network as respondents. It is found that in terms of calibration, preventive maintenance, corrective maintenance, inventory management and documentation, biomedical technicians are very much aware and that biomedical policy is very much implemented. Furthermore, biomedical policy awareness is significantly correlated to the policy implementation in terms of preventive maintenance, corrective maintenance and documentation. However, in terms of calibration and inventory management, biomedical policy awareness does not have a significant relationship to biomedical policy implementation. This means that the knowledge of biomedical technicians with the biomedical policy is fully translated into the daily practices and procedures of operations in terms of preventive maintenance, corrective maintenance and documentation but not in terms of calibration and inventory management. With the results of the study, the researcher developed a proposed standardized biomedical policy that can be adopted by MGRMI in order to improve productivity of the Biomedical Department. https://ijels.com/detail/biomedical-policy-awareness-and-implementation-in-mt-grace-hospitals-inc-network/ Herald Jay A. Buena, Domingo V. Evangelista Jr. https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/32IJELS-105202639-Biomedical.pdf This paper looks at the changing caste relations from an ecological perspective, focusing on Thathamangalam in Palakkad district, Kerala. Paddy cultivation in this region historically played a major role in shaping gender, caste, and community relations, as well as the human-nature relationship, as in other areas of Kerala. The institution of caste defined the agrarian and labour relationships in Thathamangalam, as in other agrarian societies. However, with a decline in paddy cultivation, agrarian structure has undergone significant transformation over the years. The agrarian structure, or its various dimensions since the time of independence, such as land reforms and the Green Revolution, brought about subsequent changes. Traditional agricultural labour relations have also changed with recent developments. This study tries to indicate how ecological factors interdigitate with social ones and aims to examine to what extent an ecological analysis is possible in dealing with the complex paddy relations of production in rice farming. Further, it also analyses the different social groups in conjunction with social relations around the use of natural resources in paddy cultivation. https://ijels.com/detail/changing-caste-relations-from-an-ecological-perspective-a-socioecological-account-of-agrarian-caste-system/ Dr. Diana Mathews, Dr. Akhila Johnson https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/33IJELS-105202654-Changing.pdf This study examined the grammatical and mechanical error patterns in investigative reports written by third-year criminology students at North Eastern Mindanao State University – Cantilan Campus during the second semester of Academic Year 2025–2026. It specifically identified the morphological, syntactic, lexical, and mechanical errors present in students’ spot and progress reports and determined the most frequently occurring category of errors. A descriptive quantitative research design was employed using error analysis to evaluate students’ written outputs. The investigative reports were systematically analyzed, and frequency counts and percentages were used to determine the distribution of errors. Findings revealed that mechanical errors, particularly punctuation and capitalization, were the most frequently occurring errors, followed by lexical errors related to word choice and word form, while morphological and syntactic errors occurred less frequently. The results suggest that students experienced greater difficulty in applying formal writing conventions and selecting appropriate discipline-specific vocabulary rather than in constructing basic grammatical structures. The study concludes that targeted instructional interventions are needed to improve students’ writing accuracy, especially in mechanics and vocabulary use, and recommends the integration of contextualized and ESP-based writing activities to enhance competence in producing clear and professional investigative reports. https://ijels.com/detail/grammatical-and-mechanical-error-patterns-in-investigative-reports-of-criminology-students/ Kate A. Vicentino, Mardie E. Bucjan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/34IJELS-105202663-Grammatical.pdf This paper discusses patriarchy and female subordination in the selected works of R.K. Narayan who is one of the most glorified English-language novelists of India. Based on novels like The Dark Room, The English Teacher, and The Painter of Signs, the paper will examine how Narayan gives a picture of the social, cultural and domestic framework that tends to disenfranchise women within postcolonial Indian society. This paper will discuss that although Narayan does not identify himself as a feminist author, his subtle characterizations unwillingly reveal and criticize gender dynamics of oppression inherent in the traditional Indian society. The analysis is done through a feminist approach to explore the structural elements of male domination, forced domesticity, suffering without reaction and the lack of control of the women in the fictional town of Malgudi. Placing his narratives in the larger socio-cultural contexts, this work will add to the current academic debates concerning the topic of gender, identity, and resistance in South Asian literature. The special focus is on women characters like Savitri, Susila and Rosie whose plights throw light on the strong patriarchal principles according to which their lives, relationships, and desires are determined. https://ijels.com/detail/representation-of-patriarchy-and-female-subordination-in-selected-works-of-r-k-narayan/ Ayushi Siddharth, Dr. Neeru Varshney https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/35IJELS-105202647-Representation.pdf The Radha-Krishna tradition in South Asian devotional literature provides a significant space where divinity, love, and emotional intensity converge. Within this framework, Kazi Nazrul Islam reconfigures devotional expression through a sensuous and psychologically nuanced poetic idiom. His selected songs foreground Madhura Bhava as a devotional mode in which longing, anticipation, and embodied emotion shape the devotee's relationship with the divine. Rather than approaching these compositions merely as religious or musical artefacts, this study emphasizes their literary and affective dimensions, arguing that they construct an interiorized feminine consciousness marked by desire, absence, and emotional yearning. The paper examines how Nazrul transforms acts such as adornment, offering, waiting, and dream encounters into expressions of eroticized devotion. Drawing on Indian aesthetic concepts of rasa, dhvani, vipralambha and sringara, the study situates Nazrul within the Vaishnava devotional tradition while highlighting his modern psychological sensibility. The analysis is further informed by Judith Butler's theory of performativity and Lacanian notions of desire structured through lack, which illuminate the formation of feminine subjectivity and emotional asymmetry in the lyrics. The study also demonstrates that Krishna appears as elusive and emotionally dispersed, making absence the generative centre of devotion. Nature imagery and dream sequences intensify interior affect and longing. Ultimately, the paper argues that Nazrul modernizes the Radha-Krishna dynamic by internalizing it within feminine consciousness, transforming devotion into an embodied, sensuous, and emotionally charged experience. https://ijels.com/detail/madhura-bhava-and-the-erotic-mysticism-of-radha-krishna-devotion-in-select-songs-of-kazi-nazrul-islam/ Dr. Poumita Paul https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/36IJELS-105202659-Madhura.pdf Cultural discourses and practices have cemented the gendered identification of gold with women. With the advent of androgynous fashion since 1920s, attempts have been made to blur the culturally-validated gendered association of fashion. Nevertheless, gold jewellery still remains closely associated with femininity. This paper, which reads two jewellery ads in Kerala, seeks to understand how jewellery remains entrenched within its traditional gendered associations while strategically co-opting more progressive discourses that challenge the stereotypical performances of gender. https://ijels.com/detail/performing-the-feminine-gold-and-gender-performance-in-kerala/ Anju S Anand, Dr Preethamol M. K https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/37IJELS-105202619-Performing.pdf Girish Karnad’s Nagamandala (1988) occupies a prominent place in modern Indian drama for its critical engagement with patriarchy, gender oppression, and female subjectivity. Drawing upon Kannada folk traditions and oral narratives, Karnad reconstructs the experiences of women trapped within restrictive social institutions, particularly marriage. Through the character of Rani, the play interrogates the silencing of women’s emotions, sexuality, and agency within patriarchal culture. The magical intervention of the Naga not only transforms Rani’s personal life but also symbolically challenges the rigid structures governing female chastity and obedience. By combining folklore, symbolism, and magical realism, Karnad creates a dramatic space where women’s desires are validated and oppressive gender norms are questioned. This article examines how Nagamandala redefines concepts such as fidelity, purity, and marital duty while simultaneously exposing the hypocrisy of patriarchal morality. The study further explores Karnad’s use of folk motifs and narrative multiplicity as tools of feminist resistance. Ultimately, the paper argues that Nagamandala remains a powerful feminist text that continues to resonate in contemporary discussions on gender justice and women’s empowerment in India. https://ijels.com/detail/reconfiguring-gender-norms-patriarchy-female-desire-and-subversive-agency-in-girish-karnad-s-nagamandala/ Dr. G. Dakshayani https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/38IJELS-105202642-Reconfiguring.pdf The Mahabharata, an epic that continues to captivate audiences across generations, presents a rich tapestry of characters and themes that transcend time and space and impact culture even today, centuries after it was written. Draupadi, the central character, stands out as a complex and enigmatic figure whose portrayal has evolved over centuries of retelling. From her birth to 'swayamvara' (self-choice to marry) to her eventual fate, Draupadi's life reflects timeless themes of strength and resilience. Draupadi's character embodies complexities that resonate with contemporary discourses on gender, power, and agency, especially in the Indian subcontinent. She defies limitations in her quest for justice and empowerment and has fuelled the imagination of many writers for years. This paper will explore the portrayal of Draupadi across various retellings and interpretations, particularly drawing from Devdutt Pattanaik's comprehensive narrative in Jaya. Pattanaik’s Jaya bridges ancient mythology and modern interpretation, offering readers a fresh perspective on the Mahabharata’s relevance to contemporary life. This paper uses feminist theories to analyse and re-locate Draupadi in the modern Indian imagination shaped by the cultural dynamics or politics of the doctrines of Hinduism. https://ijels.com/detail/exploring-the-timeless-dimensions-of-the-mahabharata-through-devdutt-pattanaik-s-jaya-re-locating-draupadi-in-the-modern-indian-imaginary/ Deepshikha Routray https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/39IJELS-105202671-Exploring.pdf From the perspective of New Historicism and in combination with multimodal discourse analysis theory, this paper explores the historical narration and discourse representation in the film To Live, directed by Zhang Yimou. By analyzing the interaction among three modalities in the film—dialogue, image, and sound—the study reveals how the film reflects the core ideas of New Historicism. These ideas mainly include the marginalization of historical narration, the localization of history in everyday life, and the transformation of inevitable history into accidental history. This study provides a new perspective for understanding the film To Live. It also offers theoretical support for the application of multimodal discourse analysis in film and television texts. https://ijels.com/detail/a-multimodal-discourse-analysis-of-the-film-to-live-from-the-perspective-of-new-historicism/ Mi Shanyun https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/40IJELS-105202638-AMultimodal.pdf This paper attempts to investigate the process of writing of the literary history in the context of South Asia and the Indian subcontinent. In doing so, it problematizes the process of canon formation by raising a number of questions. What are the critical frameworks and methodological tools involved? What are the gaps in the formation of the literary canon? What roles did caste, gender and class play in the process of writing of literary texts and their incorporation into the canon? The paper also problematizes the influence of the Western models of literary historiographies over the existing literary historiographies across Asia and the Indian subcontinent. It attempts to probe into the possible points of departure that provide us with the alternative frameworks from the ones provided to us by the Western model. Can we look at the literary history, alternatively, rather than classifying texts according to chronology or genres as is conventionally done? The paper attempts to suggest some of the frameworks in order to undo the influence of western model. Tracing the oral transmission of texts while highlighting numerous folkloric motifs prevalent in the canonical texts particularly focusing on the Sufi-Bhakti traditions. Another alternative is adopting a dynamic approach by incorporating new concepts such as “margino-centrism”, “multicultural corridors” and “pluralistic epistemologies” (206), as Prof. T.S. Satyanath puts it. His approach would be to reconceptualize cultural contacts as cultural re-negotiations which “nullifies the effects of imperialistic influence model of comparison” (208). Such an approach could dismantle the status of literary history as a grand narrative and propose alternative approaches. https://ijels.com/detail/rethinking-literary-historiography-across-south-asia-and-the-indian-subcontinent/ Rahul Chauhan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/41IJELS-105202676-Rethinking.pdf This paper explores the idea of motherhood as a means of survival in Mahasweta Devi’s short story “Breast Giver”. The protagonist Jashoda, a Brahmin woman whose identity as a mother is transformed into a source of livelihood. Through her role as a professional wet nurse, Jashoda’s body becomes both her livelihood and her burden, revealing how motherhood is shaped by class, patriarchy, and social expectations. The study argues that motherhood in the story is not merely a biological or emotional experience, but a survival strategy imposed by circumstances. Jashoda’s continuous nurturing of others’ children highlights the exploitation of the female body, where care and sacrifice are objectified. At the same time, her identity is reduced to her maternal function, leaving little space for individuality or dignity and self identity. By examining themes of exploitation, gender roles, and marginalisation, the paper shows how Mahasweta Devi presents motherhood as both empowering and oppressive. While Jashoda gains temporary security through her maternal labor, she ultimately suffers physical and emotional deterioration. The story thus questions the glorification of motherhood and exposes its harsh realities in a socio-economic context. In conclusion, “Breast Giver” redefines motherhood as a complex site of survival, where resilience is intertwined with suffering, and care becomes a form of silent endurance, loneliness and painful death. https://ijels.com/detail/motherhood-as-survival-in-mahasweta-devi-s-breast-giver-an-analytical-study/ Dr. Sumitra Meghwal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/42IJELS-105202667-Motherhood.pdf Setting the Bala Kanda as the ethical and metaphysical axis along which the epic's moral world is established, this article comprehensively investigates the Valmiki Ramayana in a spiritual, hermeneutic mode. It refrains from reading the narrative as a mytho, historical saga and instead views the scripture as a guide that dramatizes through symbolic gesture, divine incarnation, and institutional authority of kingship and asceticism, the normative order of dharma and adharma. Using the classical Sanskrit texts, philosophical commentaries, and present-day hermeneutics as methodological tools, it interprets the birth of Rama, the sacrificial economy of Dasharatha, the enlightening role of Vishwamitra, and the performative breaking of Shiva's bow as allegories of the cosmic re-ordering and moral enlightenment. By placing Bala Kanda within the tradition of comparative review of sacred narrative and moral philosophy, the essay argues that Valmikis poem jubilates an open, ended concept of righteousness. The Ramayana is seen here not as something fixed and having the form of a static moral law but more as an interpretative system in development; a code that keeps changing and through which every human interpretative exercise has a profound effect eternally, undergoing reshaping by the continuous interplay of divine and human moral will, human agency, and social organization. https://ijels.com/detail/valmiki-ramayana-a-spiritual-hermeneutic-reading/ D. Vaidehi, Dr. Teena Tiwari, Dr. Shruti Agrawal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/43IJELS-105202657-Valmiki.pdf The current state of the Odia language and the process of linguistic hybridisation observable within it have been analysed from both scientific and socio-linguistic perspectives. This study primarily focuses on the origin and grammatical application of hybrid terms such as 'Odikrit' (Odia + Prakrit or Samskrit), 'Odilish' (Odia + English), and 'Odindi' (Odia + Hindi). Although Odia is a classical language, the forces of globalisation and intense cultural exchange have led it to blend with other languages, creating a vibrant new domain of code mixing and switching. In particular, urban environments-driven by education, media, social media, and considerations of social status-have significantly transformed the fundamental structure and character of the language. This transformation represents either a challenge to Odia identity or a natural linguistic evolution. The essay also offers practical suggestions for maintaining a healthy balance between preserving the purity of the Odia language and embracing necessary modern adaptations. https://ijels.com/detail/linguistic-hybridization-in-odia-o-ikr-t-o-ilish-and-o-ind/ Bikash Kumar Pal, Narayan Panda, Monalisa Barik https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/44IJELS-105202648-Linguistic.pdf This paper seeks to explore the intricate interplay between ‘human identity’ and ‘nature’ in Philip K. Dick’s Hugo award-winning novel, The Man in the High Castle, concentrating primarily on the contrasting perspectives of Japanese and American characters in relation to the natural world. Dominated by authoritarian regimes in an allohistorical dystopian backdrop the novel presents ‘nature’ as an active entity that both influences and reflects culture. Grounded in traditions and value systems that emphasize harmony and congruence with the natural world, the Japanese characters demonstrate a profound sense of reverence for nature, which serves as a source of their spiritual and emotional sustenance. In sharp contrast, a kind of nuanced, utilitarian and alienated relationship with the environment is observed in case of the American characters often seen struggling with a sense of disconnection and despair. By analysing closely these divergent perspectives, the paper situates or at least tries to position Dick’s work within a broader discourse on human-nature relationships in world literature, engaging with Eastern philosophical traditions that advocate for harmonious coexistence with nature and contrasting these ideas with the Western legacy of exploitation and abuse. This research, at its very core seeks to articulate a vision of coexistence that transcends way beyond the anthropocentric narratives, contributing to an ecocritical discourse that highlights how our cultural backgrounds influence our perceptions of nature and shape our identities in turn. https://ijels.com/detail/human-identity-and-nature-an-ecocritical-examination-of-cultural-perspectives-in-philip-k-dick-s-the-man-in-the-high-castle/ Pritam Mishra https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/45IJELS-105202658-Human.pdf The contemporary world is increasingly characterized by psychological instability, emotional fragmentation, existential uncertainty, and spiritual alienation. In the midst of technological advancement and material progress, modern humanity continues to suffer from anxiety, depression, restlessness, and a persistent crisis of meaning. Ancient Indian philosophical traditions, particularly the Vedic hymns, offer profound reflections on the nature of consciousness and mental harmony that remain relevant in contemporary times. The Siva Sankalpa Sukta, found in the Yajurveda, is one such philosophical and spiritual composition that explores the sanctity, discipline, and transformative potential of the human mind. Through repeated invocations for an auspicious and enlightened consciousness, the hymn foregrounds the idea that the mind is both the source of bondage and liberation. This paper examines the relevance of the Siva Sankalpa philosophy in the contemporary age marked by mental anxiety and social fragmentation. By employing textual analysis, philosophical interpretation, and interdisciplinary reflection, the article investigates how the hymn conceptualizes the mind as a sacred and stabilizing force. The study further explores how Vedic notions of mental discipline, ethical consciousness, and spiritual harmony can contribute to contemporary discourses on psychological wellbeing and existential healing. The article argues that the Siva Sankalpa Sukta offers not merely religious instruction but also a timeless philosophy of inner integration capable of addressing the fragmented condition of modern existence. https://ijels.com/detail/the-relevance-of-iva-sa-kalpa-sukta-philosophy-in-the-age-of-mental-anxiety-and-fragmentation/ Kanhu Charan Munna, Gayatri Muna https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/46IJELS-105202669-The.pdf Diaspora literature occupies a central position in postcolonial studies because it explores the emotional, cultural, and political experiences of displacement, migration, and identity formation. Postcolonial narratives frequently portray diasporic subjects negotiating between homeland and hostland while attempting to preserve cultural memory and construct a sense of belonging. This article examines how memory functions as a bridge between past and present and how belonging becomes a contested and evolving experience in diasporic communities. Through the works of writers such as Jhumpa Lahiri, Salman Rushdie, Bharati Mukherjee, and Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, the article analyses themes of nostalgia, hybridity, exile, cultural fragmentation, and transnational identity. The study argues that postcolonial diasporic narratives challenge fixed notions of identity and redefine home as a fluid and multidimensional concept shaped by memory, history, and cultural negotiation. https://ijels.com/detail/diaspora-memory-and-belonging-in-postcolonial-narratives/ Dr. C. Sankar Goud, M. Aparna https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/47IJELS-105202653-Diaspora.pdf Djanet Sears’ blues version of Shakespeare’s tragedy Othello turned into Harlem Duet, situates its plot in a new radical setting. The bard’s original play set historically between the venetian military citadel and the island of Cyprus, finds modern Othello living in Harlem, New York. Sears’s Harlem Duet revolves around the corner of Twentieth Century black militants Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Boulevards, not with Desdemona, but with his first “black” wife, Billie. Focusing on the African-Canadian playwright Djanet Sears Harlem Duet, the play highlights the political aspect through its double resistances against patriarchy and racism in Shakespeare’s Othello. Sears’s work imagines a prelude to Shakespeare’s Othello in a way that transgresses, and revisions the Shakespearean source material via issues of racism (both inter-and-intra-community). https://ijels.com/detail/i-am-not-my-skin-my-skin-is-not-me-djanet-sears-re-tells-the-canon/ Oumeima Mouelhi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/48IJELS-105202672-Iam.pdf Young Adult Fiction often addresses societal issues that are relevant to adolescent readers. These books’ appeal lies in their ability to resonate with young adults by tackling themes of identity, self-discovery, and growth. These themes are often explored within the context of challenging experiences such as chronic illness. This research paper examines Brave Enough by Kati Gardner, which emphasises resilience, hope, and the power of human connections. James Marcia’s Identity Status Theory is used for a detailed analysis of the characters Cason and Davis. It offers a structured approach to examine the characters as they confront and navigate their identities amidst their struggles with cancer and addiction. This research paper highlights their development from confusion and exploration to a more defined and integrated sense of self. Thematic analysis is done to explore the characters’ journeys and their reflection on a broader theme of identity formation. https://ijels.com/detail/from-confusion-to-self-discovery-in-brave-enough-by-kati-gardner-an-exploration-of-identity-formation-through-marcia-s-identity-status-theory/ Rughanyah. S, Dr. D. Nalina Palin https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/49IJELS-105202641-From.pdf The contemporary and post-modern periods have challenged the common belief that feminism originated in the West and that Islam and feminism are naturally at odds with each other. In fact, the Qur'an itself contains the fundamental principles that support gender equality. Within the framework of Islamic teachings, gender justice is rooted in the values of equality, mutual responsibility, and shared spiritual accountability. Muslim feminist scholars have consistently pointed out that Islamic feminism has been misunderstood, misrepresented, and even distorted in various ways. It is often wrongly labeled as being against religion or against family values, but this is usually a result of cultural practices rather than the actual teachings of Islam. My interest in this topic comes from a genuine desire to explore and understand how Islam perceives gender equality, especially in light of the evolving discussions and movements within modern feminist thought. https://ijels.com/detail/feminism-in-islam-reflection-of-justice-and-equality/ Munaza Banoo https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/50IJELS-10620264-Feminism.pdf Midwifery students frequently encounter emotionally demanding clinical experiences that may lead to stress, fear, anxiety, and emotional exhaustion. While various interventions have been used to promote emotional resilience, limited studies have explored the use of catharsis-laden English literary texts as a reflective educational tool. This study determined the effect of reading catharsis-laden English literary texts on the emotional awareness and emotional resilience of BSM 2 – St. Anne midwifery students. The study employed a quasi-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design involving thirty-nine (39) students from Fatima School of Science and Technology, Inc. A validated and pilot-tested researcher-made questionnaire with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.9494 was utilized to assess emotional awareness and emotional resilience before and after the intervention. The intervention consisted of reading selected literary texts and completing reflective literary response activities. Data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and paired sample t-test, while qualitative responses were examined through thematic analysis. Findings revealed a significant increase in empathic concern (M = 4.18 to 4.34, p = 0.01) and emotional resilience (M = 4.09 to 4.26, p = 0.02) following exposure to the literary texts. However, fear and anxiety showed no significant differences. Qualitative results indicated that literary engagement promoted emotional release, self-awareness, empathy, reflection, and adaptive coping among the participants. The study concludes that catharsis-laden English literary texts can serve as an effective reflective intervention for enhancing emotional resilience among midwifery students. The findings support the integration of literature-based reflective practices into healthcare and midwifery education as a cost-effective and innovative strategy for fostering emotional well-being and adaptive coping skills among future healthcare professionals. https://ijels.com/detail/midwifery-students-awareness-and-development-of-emotional-resilience-through-reading-catharsis-laden-english-literary-texts/ Christine Joy P. Sarad https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/51IJELS-105202679-Midwifery.pdf “Every leaf, every blade of grass, every sand, every inch of earth is alive. This is what Shug talks about, God being in everything” (Walker 202). Green spirituality, often called eco-spirituality, emphasizes the profound connection between human life and the natural world, viewing nature as sacred rather than merely functional. This paper examines how eco-spiritual awareness develops in Alice Walker’s ‘The Color Purple’, focusing on the protagonist Celie’s spiritual journey. As Celie transitions from silence and oppression to self-awareness, her growing sensitivity to nature becomes central to her transformation. Drawing on eco-critical and ecofeminist perspectives, along with insights from Félix Guattari and Bron Taylor, this paper argues that Walker presents spirituality as experienced and felt within the natural world rather than as something imposed from outside. Through symbols such as the color purple, trees, rivers, and the garden, the novel illustrates how reconnecting with nature can lead to healing, empowerment, and a more ethical way of living. Ultimately, this study suggests that Walker’s vision of spirituality provides a meaningful response to contemporary ecological concerns. https://ijels.com/detail/green-spirituality-and-the-transformation-of-self-in-the-color-purple/ Swati Suman, Dr. Vinamrata https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/52IJELS-105202666-Green.pdf Mahesh Dattani occupies a very high place among the contemporary Indian English dramatists. His plays are the authentic portrayal of the sufferings of the marginalized sections of society. He enlarged the scope of Indian English drama by writing plays on the controversial social issues. The issue of gender marginality emerges as the main theme in most of his plays. It is a practice by which individuals of certain genders are deliberately pushed to the margins of society. They are denied equal participation in the important spheres of life. In Indian social structure the position of women and third genders is marginalized. They are not allowed to enjoy equal rights. The position of third genders in society is worse than untouchables. In spite of some legal decisions in favor of the transsexuals the community is not accepted by majority of population. The social stigma associated with the third genders is the main cause of their rejection. Through his plays Tara and Seven Steps Around the Fire Mahesh Dattani raises his voice against this unjust treatment of women and third genders in society. He wants every individual to enjoy equal rights without any kind of discrimination. This research article aims to explore the marginalized status of the women and eunuchs in Indian social hierarchy through critical analysis of Dattani’s play Tara and Seven Steps Around the Fire. https://ijels.com/detail/gender-marginality-in-mahesh-dattani-s-plays-tara-and-seven-steps-around-the-fire/ Shalini Chauhan, Prof. Neeta https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/53IJELS-105202668-Gender.pdf This study looked at how the "One Town, One Product" program, under Republic Act 11960, affects small and medium businesses in Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines. Cabanatuan is well-known as a major business hub and is often called the Tricycle Capital of the Philippines. To see if the program is working, the researchers used a survey to gather data from business owners registered with the Department of Trade and Industry. A standard statistical methods was used to see how well owners understand the program and what kind of real-world impact it has on their businesses. The results showed that the program did not work out as well as the researchers originally expected. While business owners know how to physically set up a local product center, they do not truly understand the program's overall mission and goals. Their actual awareness is only at a middle level. Because of this lack of understanding, the program is not giving businesses a major boost. Business owners explained that tough market competition is still their biggest problem. They also shared that the government's rules are too hard to follow, the program does not bring in much extra money, and it has not done much to make local products better or easier for customers to find. The study also showed a very clear link between these two issues: the less a business owner understands the program, the less their business benefits from it. Because the training and information have been limited, the program's positive impact is stuck at a very average level. To fix this, the Department of Trade and Industry and the local city government need to work together more closely. They should start clear information campaigns so business owners truly understand how the program can help them. They also need to provide better business mentoring, build product centers in busy areas where a lot of people shop, and help local owners sell their goods online. Finally, the government should offer simple business training and low-interest loans so these local small businesses can handle the rules, save money, and successfully compete in the modern market. https://ijels.com/detail/the-impact-of-the-one-town-one-product-r-a-11960-program-on-small-and-medium-enterprises-in-the-city-of-cabanatuan-nueva-ecija-philippines/ Jannilyn Nicole Y. Casimiro, Mark Angelo F. Constantino, Emilia L. Dulay, Precious Liahona P. Francisco, Ivan Lloyd C. Santos, Miguel B. Taboctaboc, Jacinto Y. Bustamante https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/54IJELS-105202674-TheImpact.pdf Film has always been more than just entertainment; it is a cultural product that teaches, reflects, and even modifies human psyche. Cinema involves audiences and interacts with brain functions, emotional responses, and the formation of social identities through the use of narrative, sound, and visual representations. This essay explores the relationship between psychology and film with an emphasis on how watching movies impacts memory, perception, empathy, and personal development. Using a qualitative interpretive approach, it investigates the narratives, structures, and affective components of movies and their relevance to human psychological development. In addition to promoting shared memory and communal imagination, research indicates how film serves as a psychological experience, an art form, and a tool for introspection, empathy, and emotional control. Film thus fulfills both private and public functions, highlighting its significance in comprehending how individuals construct stories, feelings, and identities. It draws on media psychology, cognitive theory of film, psychoanalytic ideas, and qualitative research findings from audience studies and interviews. Using a qualitative interpretive approach, it investigates the narratives, structures, and affective components of movies and their relevance to human psychological development. According to research, movies promote shared memory and collective imagination while also acting as instruments for introspection, empathy, and emotional control. Film thus fulfills both private and public functions, highlighting its significance in comprehending how individuals construct stories, feelings, and identities. https://ijels.com/detail/negotiation-of-cinema-and-human-mind-in-contemporary-society-cultural-and-psychological-perspective/ Dr. Subodh Kumar Ray https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/55IJELS-105202675-Negotiation.pdf This paper investigates the re-contextualization of scientific knowledge discourse in Chinese translated science fiction from 1902 to 1911, situating these texts within the broader epistemic transformation of late Qing intellectual culture. It argues that science fiction translation during this period functioned as a dynamic site of knowledge negotiation, in which scientific discourse was continuously reshaped in response to shifting political and cultural imperatives. Based on a corpus of representative translated texts, this study identifies three major stages in the evolution of knowledge discourse. In the first stage, translation practices construct a highly politicized knowledge framework centered on military and technological science. Through strong domestication strategies, scientific narratives are mobilized to serve reformist agendas, thereby foregrounding the authority and urgency of Western scientific epistemologies. In the second stage, the scope of scientific knowledge is significantly expanded beyond a predominantly political paradigm. Translations increasingly incorporate elements of natural and social sciences, producing a more diversified epistemic configuration while still retaining an underlying reformist orientation. In the final stage, translation practices exhibit a relative shift toward textual fidelity and narrative preservation. Ideological intervention is attenuated, and greater emphasis is placed on the transmission of scientific content itself, marking a transition from hybridized knowledge production to more differentiated and stabilized forms of scientific discourse. These evolving re-contextualization strategies demonstrate that translated science fiction operated as an important epistemic instrument in late Qing intellectual life. The paper further argues that such translational practices not only responded to immediate socio-political demands, but also contributed to the gradual restructuring, expansion, and normalization of scientific knowledge in modern China. https://ijels.com/detail/the-re-contextualization-of-scientific-knowledge-discourse-in-chinese-translated-science-fiction-of-the-late-qing-1902-1911/ Fangning Bao https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/56IJELS-10620267-TheRe.pdf The global fashion industry has moved during the past decade away from a narrow Eurocentric repertoire of beauty toward a wider vocabulary that admits a broader range of bodies, ages, ethnicities, and gender expressions. This article examines the sociocultural dynamics behind that shift. The argument draws on Bourdieu’s field theory and on the social-constructionist tradition, which together frame the change as a contested reorganisation of symbolic capital inside the field of global fashion. The study uses a qualitative, multi-case design that combines discourse analysis of advertising campaigns with structured comparison of four representative brand cases between 2021 and 2025. The analysis identifies four interlocking drivers, which are globalisation and cultural hybridisation, digital platforms and algorithmic visibility, body-positivity and inclusivity movements, and the rise of sustainability as an aesthetic value. Each driver enlarges the repertoire of legitimate aesthetic positions, and at the same time each generates new exclusions and commercial pressures, among them performative inclusivity, algorithmic homogenisation, and the commodification of ethical concern. The article contributes to fashion studies and the sociology of culture through a unified framework that integrates these drivers and through a clearer specification of the conditions under which aesthetic pluralism becomes durable at the level of structure and does not remain confined to reputation. https://ijels.com/detail/sociocultural-dynamics-of-aesthetic-standards-transformation-in-the-modern-global-fashion-industry/ Hanna Kuliesh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/57IJELS-10620265-Sociocultural.pdf This paper examines the intersections of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s structural, political, and philosophical writings with the interiority of Dalit sensitivities. While scholarship frequently emphasizes Ambedkar’s legalism and constitutionalism, this study investigates how his oeuvre anchors the emotional landscape of the subaltern—specifically focusing on the articulation of institutionalized suffering, collective trauma, and repressed emotions. By close-reading foundational texts like Annihilation of Caste, The Untouchables, and his autobiographical notes in Waiting for a Visa, this paper maps the transition of Dalit consciousness from silent, internalized humiliation to an organized, confrontational socio-political voice. The paper argues that Ambedkar’s writing functions not merely as political theory, but as an affective archive that legitimizes Dalit grief and translates visceral anger into structured emancipatory grammar. https://ijels.com/detail/ambedkar-s-writings-and-dalit-sensitivities-voice-suffering-and-repressed-emotions/ Hitesh Kagra https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/58IJELS-105202665-Ambedkar.pdf This research paper is a study of the pride and prejudice of the ruling Britishers against the Indians and the glimpses of Indian politicians who are detrimental to the progress and prosperity of India due to their opportunistic nationalism. It projects the story of the British men who stayed in India for a long time left no stone unturned for vulgarizing the Indians through different means. The story of the novel Combat of Shadows revolves round the central figure Henry Winton, the British Plantation Manager of the Brindian Tea Company. In spite of the difference in race and nationality, Henry Winton is well intentioned; but soon, he finds himself in a demoralising and dehumanising situation which leads him towards corruption and moral degeneration. For the purpose of giving moral pills, Malgonkar chooses Henry Winton who has nothing to do with morals and code of conduct on which life should be based. He does what he likes and remains lost in the jungle of sensual pleasure. By showing him burning alive in a game-cottage, the author forms the lessons in an appalling way which makes one keep away from the path trodden by persons like Henry Winton. https://ijels.com/detail/manohar-malgonkar-s-combat-of-shadows-and-racialism/ Rama Shanker, Dr Anil Kumar Jaiswal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/59IJELS-10620261-Manohar.pdf Lewis Carroll's The Hunting of the Snark has long been read as playful nonsense or cryptic allegory, but such approaches overlook the poem's most unsettling feature: meaning persists even when reference becomes impossible. This paper argues that the Snark functions as a non-referring sign. It is a signifier that generates belief, authority, and coordinated social action whilst systematically foreclosing any stable referential ground. Drawing on close textual analysis and Wittgensteinian concepts of language-games and rule-following, the essay demonstrates that meaning in the poem does not collapse through semantic chaos or lexical excess. Instead, it unravels precisely through the successful execution of a fully public, rule-governed linguistic practice. The hunting party follows procedures, heeds warnings, and maintains collective confidence without ever establishing what the Snark actually is. The Bellman's authority rests not upon knowledge but on procedural maintenance. When the Baker finally encounters the creature, the moment of supposed confirmation becomes one of disappearance: 'For the Snark was a Boojum, you see.' This semantic catastrophe exposes a profound fragility in linguistic certainty. Carroll's poem reveals that language can remain operationally coherent and socially binding even when it lacks any survivable referential anchor. Far from mere whimsy, The Hunting of the Snark emerges as a radical literary experiment in meaning without reference, dramatising the unsettling possibility that we may speak meaningfully together about something that cannot survive being found. https://ijels.com/detail/meaning-without-reference-the-snark-as-a-non-referring-sign-in-lewis-carroll-s-the-hunting-of-the-snark/ Sounak Das, Sowmya M A https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/60IJELS-105202673-Meaning.pdf Shakespearean comedies are widely recognized for their complex characters and sophisticated examination of themes. Through a comparative analysis, this research paper aims to study the labyrinthine themes of love and disguise in two of William Shakespeare's well acclaimed comedies, The Two Gentlemen of Verona from his earlier plays and Twelfth Night from his later plays. The study primarily focuses on analysing the selected monologues and soliloquies of the protagonists—Julia and Viola—to elucidate their inner worlds and motivations to pursue their love. By colligating these characters’ self-expressions, the paper aims to contribute to a better understanding of the subtleties of Shakespearean character development, growth of Shakespeare as a writer, portrayal of women in Elizabethan England and the thematic significance of love and disguise. It emphasizes how love and disguise go beyond mere manipulation and trickery, offering deep insights into human nature. At the heart of this study lies the analysis of significant themes of love and disguise, using the triangular theory of love proposed by Robert Sternberg. Julia and Viola tend to follow the traditional Elizabethan culture in general along with certain deviations from their traditional feminine roles which mark the uniqueness and individuality of these heroines. In the exploring the individual journeys of Julia and Viola, various similarities and differences become apparent which highlight the convolutions of love and identity, often intertwined with deception and self-discovery. Both Julia and Viola are projected as strong characters possessing the three basic elements in Sternberg’s theory of love though their approaches are different. https://ijels.com/detail/the-love-conundrum-a-comparative-study-of-shakespeare-s-julia-and-viola/ Sonam https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/61IJELS-106202610-TheLove.pdf A true son of the Indian soil, Mulk Raj Anand composed this prose poem in the year 1934, when India was under British rule. The child of this motherland was weeping because every child had lost their 'Mother' in this 'fair' of the British Raj. Everything was present before the child’s eyes in that fair, except for his mother. Indeed, it was a critical juncture where literature had to perform its duty silently yet profoundly. Dr. Anand accepted this challenge and, for his noble and sacred objective, successfully established the deep bond between the child and the mother (the son and the motherland) in his poetic story 'The Lost Child'. In this short story, Dr. Anand adopted not only social, geographical, and political perspectives but also made excellent use of the principles of Physical Science. Taking absolute creative liberty in the realm of literature, he deployed it as the most potent weapon against colonialism. In this research paper, for investigative purposes, an attempt has been made to carve out a new path in English literature by integrating perspectives of natural philosophy such as physics and geography. Here, we have etched the deep relationship between Mother Earth and her children as an inherent birthright of every individual from a global perspective, encompassing both East and West, to sustain the harmony of love and peace upon the canvas of entire humanity. https://ijels.com/detail/the-clarified-bugle-of-sovereignty-an-analysis-of-geo-centric-and-physical-metaphors-of-the-motherland-in-mulk-raj-anand-s-story-the-lost-child/ Prabhakar Kumar Awasthi, Mahesh Chandra Tiwari, Hriday Narayan Singh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/62IJELS-106202612-TheClarified.pdf Paulo Coelho’s Brida portrays the spiritual and psychological journey of a young woman seeking wisdom, love, and self-understanding. This paper examines the novel through the lens of Viktor Frankl’s Logotherapy, a psychological approach that identifies the search for meaning as the primary motivation of human existence. The study explores how Brida’s quest for spiritual knowledge reflects Frankl’s concepts of meaning-making, freedom of choice, responsibility, and self-transcendence. Through her encounters with the Magus and Wicca, Brida is introduced to diverse spiritual traditions that challenge her understanding of reality and encourage profound self-exploration. The analysis reveals that her journey is not merely a pursuit of mystical experiences but a process of discovering purpose, identity, and personal fulfilment. As she confronts uncertainty, fear, and inner conflicts, she gradually develops a deeper awareness of her potential and her place in the world. Her experiences illustrate Frankl’s belief that meaning can be discovered through love, purposeful action, and commitment to values greater than oneself. The novel further emphasises the significance of personal choice and responsibility in shaping an authentic existence. By integrating psychological insight with spiritual exploration, Coelho presents meaning as a transformative force that enables individuals to transcend limitations and attain self-realisation. The study argues that Brida serves as a literary representation of logotherapeutic principles, highlighting the universal human desire for purpose and existential fulfilment. Through a logotherapeutic reading, the novel emerges as a profound narrative of self-discovery and spiritual growth, demonstrating the continuing relevance of Frankl’s meaning-centred psychology in contemporary literary criticism and interdisciplinary studies. https://ijels.com/detail/the-search-for-meaning-in-paulo-coelho-s-brida-a-logotherapeutic-study/ A. Glariya Jasin, Dr. R. Meena https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/63IJELS-106202630-TheSearch.pdf The representation of women has remained a central concern in English literary traditions, often reflecting prevailing cultural notions of beauty, virtue, and desire. William Wordsworth’s “She Dwelt among the Untrodden Ways” (1799) and William Shakespeare’s Sonnet 130 (1609) offer two distinct approaches to portraying women. While Wordsworth idealizes Lucy as a pure, nature-bound figure whose significance emerges through solitude and loss, Shakespeare challenges conventional poetic idealization by presenting a woman whose imperfections are openly acknowledged. This paper undertakes a comparative analysis of these poems to examine how each poet constructs femininity and negotiates the relationship between love and idealization. Drawing upon Romantic and Renaissance literary contexts, as well as feminist critical perspectives, the study argues that Wordsworth’s portrayal elevates the woman into a symbolic and passive ideal, whereas Shakespeare’s anti-Petrarchan approach humanizes his beloved by rejecting exaggerated comparisons. The analysis reveals broader shifts in literary attitudes toward women, moving from Romantic transcendence and spiritualization to Renaissance realism and emotional authenticity. https://ijels.com/detail/the-idealized-woman-in-wordsworth-s-she-dwelt-among-the-untrodden-ways-and-shakespeare-s-sonnet-130-a-comparative-study-of-feminine-representation-and-poetic-idealization/ Dr Mohan Prakash https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/64IJELS-10620266-TheIdealized.pdf Artificial Intelligence or "AI", as the boffins call it, is rapidly changing the face of English Language Teaching. And the remarkable developments in generative AI, natural language processing, and intelligent tutoring systems, has opened a whole new world of possibilities for teachers and pupils alike.This systematic review takes stock of the scholarly literature on AI's growing role in ELT, drawing upon peer-reviewed studies published between 2020 and 2026, gathered from such sources as Scopus, Web of Science, ERIC, and Google Scholar, and conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines.The evidence shows that AI brings with it a great many advantages such as personalized learning, adaptive instruction, prompt feedback, and improved assessment across the four key skills of reading, writing, listening and speaking. All the same, certain difficulties remain to be ironed out, namely questions of academic honesty, data privacy, bias built into the machines themselves, inequality in access to technology, and whether teachers are properly equipped to make use of it.The review's conclusion is a reassuring one: AI is most unlikely to do away with the English teacher altogether. Rather, it shall change the nature of the job, as teachers and machines come to work hand in hand. The future of English teaching, then, will be one of cooperation between man and machine, of cleverer methods of assessment, and of a growing need for both teachers and pupils to become well-versed in AI. This review offers critical insights for teachers, policymakers, curriculum designers, and researchers alike. https://ijels.com/detail/the-future-of-english-language-teaching-in-the-age-of-artificial-intelligence-opportunities-challenges-and-emerging-directions/ Izzeddin Dawood Abdurrahman Khalil https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/65IJELS-106202636-TheFuture.pdf Ceremonial eating practices associated with pregnancy and childbirth constitute an important yet underexplored dimension of South Indian cultural life. This study examines the ritualised food traditions observed during prenatal, natal, and postnatal phases in selected communities of Kerala and Karnataka. Drawing on ethnographic observations, oral narratives, and cultural texts, the article analyses how specific food items, preparation methods, and consumption rituals function as symbolic markers of fertility, protection, and social transition. The study highlights regional variations while identifying shared cultural patterns rooted in indigenous medical knowledge, caste and community norms, and gendered domestic practices. It further explores how these ceremonial food practices serve as sites of intergenerational knowledge transmission and cultural continuity. In the context of rapid socio-economic change, medicalisation of childbirth, and shifting family structures, the article discusses the transformation and gradual erosion of traditional food rituals. The study argues that ceremonial eating practices not only reflect cultural beliefs surrounding motherhood and reproduction but also embody a broader system of social care, identity formation, and community solidarity in Kerala and Karnataka. https://ijels.com/detail/food-fertility-and-faith-a-comparative-study-of-ceremonial-eating-practices-in-childbirth-traditions-of-kerala-and-karnataka/ Dr Al Muneera J, Dr Sujish S, Jayanthi K https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/66IJELS-105202635-Food.pdf Human communities transmit knowledge through two major channels: written traditions and oral traditions. Many tribal communities have historically relied more on oral transmission than on written documentation, and their collective memory is preserved through myths, legends, proverbs, riddles, ritual utterances, ballads, and folksongs. This paper studies selected Bhumij folksongs from Mayurbhanj district of Odisha as a form of oral literature. It focuses particularly on nature-oriented, devotional, and work-related songs because these categories most clearly reveal Bhumij consciousness about ecology, labour, community, worship, and everyday survival. The paper does not attempt to cover the entire range of Bhumij song traditions, such as marriage songs, love songs, or festival songs, because such a broad scope would require separate fieldwork and a different corpus. Drawing on primary field collection, translation, and close textual analysis, the study argues that Bhumij folksongs move beyond recreation: they preserve memory, communicate values, express ecological ethics, and make visible the community’s perception of the world. The title “from recreation to perception” therefore indicates a movement from songs as entertainment to songs as cultural texts through which social consciousness can be read. https://ijels.com/detail/bhumij-folksongs-from-recreation-to-perception/ Rebati Singh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/67IJELS-10620268-Bhumij.pdf This paper advances a multidisciplinary ontological model termed The Geomorphological Mind. It establishes a profound structural, psychological, and spiritual parallelism between the undulating physical geomorphology of the Earth system and the deep architecture of human consciousness. Operating on the premise that the Earth is a living manifestation of divine consciousness, this study examines how the physical landscape—characterized by monumental uplifts and profound depressions—mirrors the experiential and spiritual trajectory of the human psyche. By bridging modern spatial thoughts (Geomorphometry, Fluvial Dynamics, and Isostasy) with ancient insights derived from classical Sanskrit prose, Vedic philosophy, and literary epics like the Ramcharitmanas, this paper demonstrates that landscape is an active participant in human evolution. Furthermore, it incorporates the geophysical principle of isostatic crustal densities alongside the economic and ethical spatial theories of J.K. Mehta (“Wantlessness”) and Platonic Idealism to propose an alternative model for sustainable, spiritually grounded urban and regional planning. The paper concludes that literature serves as the ultimate perennial aquifer, preserving the sacred geometry of both earth and mind across the undulating terrain of historical time. https://ijels.com/detail/the-geomorphological-mind-bridging-ancient-insight-and-modern-spatial-thoughts/ Prabhakar Kumar Awasthi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/68IJELS-106202616-The.pdf Robert Browning’s dramatic monologue “My Last Duchess”, though rooted in the Victorian era and set in Renaissance Italy functions as a powerful mirror to modern society. The poem foregrounds themes of patriarchal dominance, aristocratic power and the social importance of power and hierarchy, all embodied in the figure of the Duke. Browning exposes the unequal dynamics of marital relationships, highlighting the dominance of the husband and the enforced subservience of women. The Duchess’ reduction to an object - valued for obedience and controlled visibility reveals patterns of female objectification and silencing that persist beyond the poem’s historical context. These themes find clear reflection in contemporary social realities including gender inequality, domestic violence, power politics and the continued marginalization of vulnerable groups. By dramatizing the abuse of authority within private and public spheres “My Last Duchess” transcends its temporal setting and invites modern readers to confront enduring structures of oppression. The poem thus remains relevant as a critique of unchecked power and systemic inequality in present day. https://ijels.com/detail/smiles-status-and-silence-my-last-duchess-as-a-critique-of-modern-social-control/ Rekha V.G. https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/69IJELS-106202614-Smiles.pdf