https://ijels.com/Open Access international Journal to publish research paperen-usApril 10 Shashi Tharoor and V. S. Naipaul attempted to discuss the innumerable mistreatments perpetrated by the British Raj in their nonfiction works "An Era of Darkness" and "India: A Million Mutinies Now," respectively. The title plainly indicates that the British governed India for two centuries during which time there was darkness, mutiny, and exploitation. Because of them, Indians were subjected to terrible humiliation and misery, and they were pulled into poverty. The aftermath of such sad events is still present. Due to situations such as Britishers feeling smug, Indians were prohibited from public servant selections, prompting Jawaharlal Nehru to declare, "The Indian civil service was neither Indian, civil, nor a service" (Shashi Tharoor, 60). Both of them utilized a variety of strategies to split India in all areas, allowing exploitation to continue unabated. They devised the concept of a census. They did everything for personal gain. Whether that was the initiation of railways, the interruption of community schools, or the inability to give aid during the Bengal famine, there were many reasons for this. Tharoor does not want compensation for the British's wrongdoing; Rather, he intends them to recognize and apologize. Naipaul investigates the changes in society that occurred in India during British occupation. He captures the varied voices and viewpoints of the people living in India, delving into the country's intricacies via a series of tales and personal interviews. The title symbolizes the concept that India is undergoing numerous transitions, as represented by a million separate rebellions or mutinies. This study reveals a clear and comparable representation of Indian sorrow and British misdeeds via the words of the two authors described above. https://ijels.com/detail/british-pillage-of-india-a-postcolonial-analysis-of-shashi-tharoor-s-an-era-of-darkness-and-naipaul-s-india-a-million-mutinies-now/ Sonakshi Tak, Dr. Rashmi Bhatnagar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/1IJELS-102202443-British.pdf The research was conducted to determine the implementation of the functions and duties of supervisory and observing judges. To describe this, qualitative descriptive research was conducted. The research location was Tarutung District Court and Tarutung Correctional Center. Materials were obtained through field studies with interviews, then analysed qualitatively. From the results of the research, it shows that the Wasmat judge did not carry out supervision as it should be, where the Wasmat judge has not signed, checked the supervisor's register and observations based on the minutes of the execution of the sentence, and the check on the spot visit to the Correctional Institution was not carried out regularly as stipulated in the regulation, namely 3 times a month. The supervising judge has not observed the behavior of prisoners in the penitentiary and outside the penitentiary. Likewise, the judge has not made observations of the behavior of prisoners on the sentences imposed on him so that it has not brought sentencing policy for other judges. https://ijels.com/detail/legal-review-of-the-role-supervisory-judges-and-observer-towards-convicts-who-is-sentenced-to-conditional-punishment/ Herlina Panggabean, Fernando Simanjuntak, Holmes Rajagukguk https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/2IJELS-102202445-Legal.pdf This paper will expound on the discourse of the ambivalent relationship between the duo mother and daughter. The role of motherhood as imposed on women and how it influences their relationship with their children, especially daughters. The expectations of society for a woman to be a good mother can harm the relationship between mother and daughter. How a daughter constructs her identity in terms of her relationship with her mother. It often involves a mixture of love, closeness, conflict, and tension. This paper will discuss the mother-daughter relationship portrayed in the works of Indian women writers. https://ijels.com/detail/exploring-the-dynamic-tapestry-of-mother-daughter-relationships-in-indian-english-literature/ Dr. Shivani Sharma https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/3IJELS-10320246-Exploring.pdf Poetry is a potent medium to communicate ideas and feelings alike. Based on selective use of words along with diverse figures of speech, poetry transmits an idea, a principle or a thought in an impressive way. Poetry is a form of creative writing that uses language to evoke emotions, ideas, and experiences in a concentrated and imaginative way. Poetry has been a powerful medium for expressing and exploring complex ideas and emotions. Poetry and ethics are mutually intertwined and related things. Right from ancient Greeks up-to the present day poets, ethical deliberations have always found a prominent place in the poetry of almost all ages. The present paper is an attempt to highlight how poetry has played its essential role in strengthening the bond between poetry and ethics in different periods and in different ages. https://ijels.com/detail/ethical-deliberations-in-poetry-over-the-ages/ GH Mohiuddin, Dr Anurag Sharma https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/4IJELS-102202419-Ethical.pdf The main and basic purpose of this research is to investigate and analyze the function of literature in contemporary times, when the mirror of truth is broken into a thousand pieces and human society is more involved than ever. They create new difficulties and fight over them, and in the meantime, people are the victims. Therefore, with its systematic activities, literature overcomes these fences drawn in front of human society with artistic language. The fact that today's human society is falling into misery with each passing day, without a doubt, one of the reasons is that human society is far from literature. This is because in most societies, especially in the third world societies, reductionist positions have been adopted towards literature, and these positions are another step towards damage and nigritude. The method used in this research is descriptive-analytical and based on library studies. In this research, while philosophically examining the place of literature in modern times, we will also briefly mention some writers who have turned the unsaid of today's people into words through poetry and literature. The findings showed that, in the epoch of the collapse of meaning and fencing between people in human society, literature is the only one that gives us the possibility of considering ourselves as members of each other everywhere in this world. It is through literature that today's people understand and recognize one another, despite their differences based on faith, religion, geography, gender, etc. Therefore, literature in our time is the real defender of the common phenomena among humans. https://ijels.com/detail/a-critical-perspective-on-the-concept-of-literature-in-contemporary-times/ Rahimullah Ramish, Kakakhan Sharifzada, Mohammad Rezaie https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/5IJELS-102202434-ACritical.pdf This research paper delves into the complex character of Iqbal Singh in “Train to Pakistan.” As a representative of the People’s Party of India and a communist, he is dispatched to Mano Majra to address socio-economic issues. The narrative explores his interactions, distinct urban traits, and the challenges he faces in a rural setting. Iqbal’s commitment to communism is evident as he discusses poverty, corruption, and societal disparities. His perspective on crime emphasizes its societal roots, challenging conventional views on criminality. The paper also highlights Iqbal’s iews on population control, hygiene, and his disillusionment with societal norms. The character’s disdain for Indian cultural aspects, including religion, Yoga, art, and music, reflects his staunch communist ideology. His skepticism towards metaphysical beliefs and indifference to values underscore a profound internal conflict. The narrative delves into Iqbal’s encounters with the police, his detention, and the societal issues he grapples with in Mano Majra. The research elucidates Iqbal’s role as a missionary striving to avert violence during the partition, emphasizing his dedication to communism. However, it notes his limited understanding of India’s diverse religious traditions, exposing a certain immaturity in his perspective. Overall, the paper navigates Iqbal’s multifaceted character, exploring the intersections of ideology, social dynamics, and personal growth within the context of “Train to Pakistan.” https://ijels.com/detail/communism-and-complexity-a-dichotomous-study-of-iqbal-singh-in-khushwant-singh-s-novel-train-to-pakistan/ Imran Ahmad Sheikh, Khushi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/6IJELS-10320248-Communism.pdf “Toba Tek Singh”, portraying psychic-asylum inmates and their transfer between India and Pakistan in the aftermath of partition, is possibly a most celebrated short story by Saadat Hasan Manto. He intensely brings out his personal experiences of dilemma after the partition on which he colors his work “Toba Tek Singh.” In doing so, the author produces a character, revolutionary in nature, called Bishan Singh. The present paper investigates the story from a contemporary philosophical prospect to consider asylum as well as no man’s land as a space of resistance. https://ijels.com/detail/exploring-the-idea-of-resistance-in-saadat-hasan-manto-s-toba-tek-singh/ Bijendra Nath Das https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/7IJELS-10320245-Exploring.pdf This study uses a quantitative-correlational-descriptive research approach to look at the factors that influence the academic performance of third-year marine transportation students at Pangasinan Merchant Marine Academy. Despite a predominance of younger guys from lower-income families, the study contradicts conventional wisdom by revealing no significant links between demography and academic performance. Both student and teacher-related characteristics were shown to have no significant link with academic achievement. However, all participants agreed on the necessity of good study habits, notably dedicated study time, note review, and active engagement. The study emphasizes the importance of teacher-related aspects such as mastery of course content, interactive involvement, and adaptive teaching approaches in improving academic accomplishment. Recommendations include tailored support programs for specific student demographics, as well as additional research into factors contributing to positive academic performance in technical courses, with the goal of improving teaching methodologies and fostering a comprehensive understanding of maritime education dynamics. https://ijels.com/detail/factors-affecting-the-academic-performance-of-pangasinan-merchant-marine-academy-s-bachelor-of-marine-transportation-students/ Clayton J. Ramos Jr. https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/8IJELS-10320244-Factors.pdf "Pather Panchali" and "Charulata" are two of the most significant contributions that the creative genius Satyajit Ray has made to the film industry. On the other hand, he has not restricted his creative abilities to the area of film; rather, he has been a prolific writer and a storyteller in the realm of published works for children. Through the creation of a fictional and engaging character, Ray eventually became a well-liked figure among young minds. Readers of all ages were kept interested by the numerous mysteries and the smart plot throughout the entire book. The brilliant author introduced the thrill of solving crimes, the beauty of travel, and a brilliant scientist with an unquenchable curiosity about the universe through the adventures of Feluda and the beloved character Professor Shonku. These adventures have not only ignited his young readers' interest in scientific exploration, but they have also entertained them. It is clear that Ray is a skilled writer since he is able to take young minds to a magical world that is filled with wonder, creativity, and fantasy. It is via his narratives that a rich tapestry is created, one that resonates with people of all ages and that leads to a realm of magic. The study underlines Ray's tremendous impact on Indian children's literature, which has kindled young minds with inspiration and love for reading and storytelling. Ray's work has been credited with a number of remarkable accomplishments. In addition, the paper discusses Ray's unique dual position as an author and illustrator, which provides a powerful visual representation of his story and leaves an impression on the minds of the readers. His literary prowess is a talent that will never go out of style for any reader, and it will continue to motivate future generations to invent stories and discover new worlds. https://ijels.com/detail/satyajit-ray-s-versatile-creativity-in-children-s-literature-and-his-persistent-impact-on-young-minds/ Dr. Papri Mukhopadhyay https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/9IJELS-103202416-Satyajit.pdf With the progress of the times and social changes, more and more people are realizing the necessity of inheriting intangible cultural heritage and their contribution to the content of school art education. This study aims to explore the integration and development of the design and application of Cantonese opera art in primary school art education. Drawing on the cognitive framework of American psychologist Richard Mayer's multimedia learning theory, this study takes Guangzhou Huadu Qixing Primary School as the research object and conducts pilot teaching in the form of extracurricular activities recruited by art interest groups. Empirical research is conducted through questionnaires and participatory observation methods. Research has shown that integrating Cantonese opera art into primary school art classrooms not only enhances students' sense of identification and pride in traditional culture, but also enhances their creativity in applying Cantonese opera art design. During the experimental teaching process, it was found that the current integration and development of Cantonese opera art through art education is still weak, due to insufficient protection of school art teaching resources and a serious lack of school art teachers. Therefore, optimization strategies for experimental teaching are proposed: firstly, to strengthen the promotion of school culture and resource sharing with local art museums; secondly, to adopt diverse teaching methods to increase students' interest in learning Cantonese opera; and third, to build excellent teacher training for Cantonese opera art. https://ijels.com/detail/research-on-the-design-application-of-cantonese-opera-art-in-primary-school-from-the-ctml-an-example-of-guangzhou-huadu-qixing/ Ya-Hui Hsieh, Xiaoman Geng, Ruei-Yuan Wang https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/10IJELS-103202418-Research.pdf In the context of rapidly changing biomedical interventions and emerging non-surgical practices of gender transformation, the paper explores various issues associated with trans procedures that trans people in the three autobiographies go through namely, Manobi Bandyopadhyay’s A Gift of Goddess Lakshmi, A. Revathi’s The Truth About Me: A Hijra Life Story, and Living Smile Vidya’s I am Vidya: A Transgender’s journey. One of the main events of the three autobiographies is the sex change surgery that the three protagonists, Somnath (later, Manobi after sex change operation) in A Gift of Goddess Lakshmi, Doraisamy (later, Revathi after sex change operation) in The Truth About Me, and Preeti (later, Vidya after sex change operation) Living Smile Vidya’s I am Vidya: A Transgender’s journey undergo. The paper problematizes various issues related to trans procedures that Somnath, Doraisamy and Preeti undergo and attempts to find answers to questions such as if Somnath’s and Doriaswamy’s undergoing transgender procedures can be ‘simply’ equated with other forms of body modification such as tattooing, piercing and cosmetic surgery, and is not to be considered as a ‘complete, pathological rearrangement of identity’; can these transgender procedures be called a way of reorganizing the protagonists’ body to suit their image of themselves; is it possible to extricate social and political implications of transgender procedures that the three protagonists experience; if ‘trans’ procedures that the three protagonists experience can be seen in context of pseudo-medical accounts of transsexual autobiographies that tolerate body-modificatory practices so far as they enable a move away from strangeness and towards normalcy; do the protagonists opt for ‘trans’ procedures to alleviate the pain of being strange and engender a process of becoming ‘normal’; and whether or not trans practices constitute some form of self-mutilation. https://ijels.com/detail/autobiography-and-transgender-worlds-body-and-queer-corporeality/ Dr Bulbul Gupta https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/11IJELS-103202422-Autobiography.pdf The Holy Qur’an has been the most important scripture for Muslims from the beginning of the Islamic message. Islam is followed by roughly 2 million followers from different backgrounds and ethnicities. A book of this importance needs crucially to be translated in a way that carries over the whole meaning from the original text to the target text. The Holy Qur’an is a scripture that requires native speakers to find meanings for what is said in it. The different books of Tafsir are there for natives to understand what the Qur’an entails and what messages it carries, even though the Qur’an is in Arabic. The paper looks at the different translations of the Holy Qur’an and what shortcomings they have. A translator, in the best case scenario, has one of the two languages as their mother tongue. Thus the need for a review of the different translations of the verses presented in the popular translations. https://ijels.com/detail/shortcomings-in-the-translation-of-qur-anic-verses/ Abdulrahman Alenzi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/12IJELS-103202427-Shortcomings.pdf The legacy of Mahatma Gandhi, often referred to as the Father of the Nation in India, extends far beyond the borders of his homeland. His life and teachings continue to inspire and influence individuals and movements worldwide. This research paper explores the enduring impact of Gandhi's philosophy of truth, nonviolence, and social justice on a global scale. Drawing upon historical context, literary analysis, and contemporary relevance, the paper examines how Gandhi's footprints on the sands of time have shaped societies, politics, literature, and culture around the world. From his role in India's struggle for independence to his advocacy for human rights and peace, Gandhi's principles resonate in the 21st century and offer valuable insights into addressing pressing global challenges. Through an interdisciplinary approach, this paper seeks to illuminate the multifaceted dimensions of Gandhi's legacy and its significance in today's world. https://ijels.com/detail/footprints-on-the-sands-of-time-mahatma-gandhi-s-enduring-legacy-and-global-influence/ Ajay Kumar Shukla https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/13IJELS-103202431-Footprints.pdf In Black Swan, the themes of gender and horror are intricately woven into the fabric of the narrative. The film delves into the psychological nuances of its protagonist, Nina, as she navigates the demands of her art and the pressures of perfection. The exploration of gender identity and the inherent horror within the competitive world of ballet converge to create a compelling and thought-provoking cinematic experience. This paper aims to dissect the manifestations of gender dynamics and horror elements within the film, shedding light on their significance in shaping the narrative and character development. The analysis will encompass the contemporary ballet, femininity, Irigarayan horror, character interactions, and overarching themes that contribute to the film’s exploration of gender and horror. By examining these aspects, this study seeks to provide a deeper understanding of the complexities and nuances present in “Black Swan” while also showcasing the film’s prowess in challenging traditional tropes and expectations within the realm of both gender representation and horror storytelling. https://ijels.com/detail/distorted-reflections-gender-and-horror-in-black-swan/ Sarada Sengupta, Dr Anindita Chowdhury https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/14IJELS-103202423-Distorted.pdf On December 23, 1975, former president Ferdinand E. Marcos Sr. signed the Presidential Decree No. 856, also known as the “Sanitation Code of the Philippines”, through the Department of Health, aimed to enhance the lives of Filipinos by focusing on public health services essential for the protection and promotion of the health of people. One of its provisions is the launching of the Tapat ko, Linis ko in the streets, translated as “my line, my responsibility" as cited in Chapter 18, Section 83d that states “streets shall be kept clean by occupants or owners of properties lining the streets from the line of the property to the middle of the street and from one property to the other”. This became a social contract among the citizens of the Philippines. Forty-nine years later, this study assessed the awareness towards the social contract of students in engaging in the Tapat ko, Linis ko program. 100 randomly selected senior high school students were the respondents of this study. The researchers used printed survey questionnaires for data gathering. The results revealed that these students were still aware of the Tapat ko, Linis ko and had been actively participating in the said social contract. The results also showed the social contract of the senior high school students in the Tapat ko, Linis ko through practice, engagement, and encouragement. The researchers recommended intensification programs to strengthen the engagement of senior high school students towards Tapat ko, Linis ko in achieving engaged citizenship. https://ijels.com/detail/the-social-contract-of-tapat-ko-linis-ko-among-senior-high-school-students-in-the-philippines/ Paul John V. Gabay, Prince Leander F. Dela Cruz, Julianne S. Pante https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/15IJELS-103202411-TheSocial.pdf Many people in this world suffer from various type of learning disorders. Dyslexia is one such condition with which a lot of people struggle. This abstract presents a psycholinguistic analysis of the films, Taare Zameen Par and Mical exploring the portrayal of language development and its psychological implications. Drawing on psycholinguistic theory, this analysis examines how language acquisition, communication disorders, and the socio-emotional aspects of language are depicted in these cinematic narratives. Psycholinguistics theory is a multidisciplinary field that studies the relationship between language and the mind including how people produce comprehend and acquire language. Dyslexia is a condition that often intersects with the field of psycholinguistics and it examines how this condition affects various aspects of language processing, such as phonological awareness, decoding skills, reading fluency and comprehension. Psycholinguistics theory helps to understand the underlying cognitive processes involved in reading and language difficulties experienced by individuals with dyslexia. The movie Taare Zameen Par and Mical portrays different perspectives on dyslexia highlighting the challenges and strength of individuals with the condition and promoting awareness of understanding. Through the analysis of these movies, this abstract underscore the power of cinema as a medium for exploring the intricacies of language and cognition. By examining the portrayal of language development and communication in Taare Zameen Par and Mical through a psycholinguistic lens, this abstract offers insights into the complex interplay between language, cognition, and culture, enriching our understanding of the human experience. https://ijels.com/detail/breaking-barrier-exploring-psycholinguistics-through-cinematic-analysis/ Pournamy Prasad, N. Ravikumar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/16IJELS-103202425-Breaking.pdf The performance of Indian enterprises has been considerably impacted by investments in Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG). Businesses may increase their sustainability and resilience and draw in more investors by incorporating ESG concepts into their operations. Responsible business practices are encouraged by ESG standards and frequently lead to lower operational risks, better brand recognition, and higher long-term profitability. As investors place a higher value on ethical and sustainable investments, Indian companies that embrace ESG aspects typically show greater financial success. Additionally, following ESG guidelines in India promotes credibility and trust among stakeholders by being in line with societal norms and legislative changes. This proactive strategy not only reduces the negative effects on the environment and society, but it also increases investor trust, which may minimize these companies' cost of capital. To put it simply, ESG investments in India have propelled businesses forward by providing not only monetary gains but also a constructive influence on the environment and society, which in turn drives continued expansion and market competitiveness. Study survey was conducted among 193 experts from financial and investment sector to know their opinion regarding the role of ESG investment and its impact on Firm's Performance and conclude that there is significant impact of ESG investment on performance of a firm. https://ijels.com/detail/role-of-esg-investment-on-firm-s-performance-an-empirical-study-of-experts-opinion/ Saksham Agrawal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/17IJELS-10320248-Roleof.pdf Although Iran is not at the level of power of China or Russia, it is considered a complex actor for the United States. The logic of the US policy towards Iran includes things such as gradually weakening Iran, preventing the increase of national financial resources, prohibiting foreign investment, postponing national development, intensifying inefficiencies, etc. Nevertheless, there are many challenges regarding the implementation of US policies to confront Iran. In this study, some of the most important of them include challenges related to Iran's nuclear programs, challenges related to the geopolitical landscape of the Middle East and issues related to Iran with the involvement of Russia and China, as well as challenges related to proxy war of Hamas-Israel and Iran's role in it will be examined. https://ijels.com/detail/navigating-engagement-with-iran-exploring-us-strategies-and-options-a-futuristic-scenario-and-review/ Radoslaw Fiedler, Ellias Aghili Dehnavi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/18IJELS-10420242-Navigating.pdf The purpose of this study was to determine the personnel management practices and its relation to teachers’ teaching and school performance of the public elementary and secondary school teachers in Garcia-Hernandez district. School administrator’s personnel management practices affects teachers’ performance and school performance. The study was conducted in Garcia-Hernandez district, particularly to the two hundred fifty (250) respondents who were the school heads/principals, teaching, and non-teaching personnel for 2022-2023 academic year. This study utilized the descriptive-survey design employing the total population sampling technique with the use of a modified standard research tool from the IEA Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) (2001) for the Personnel Management Practices, Teacher’s Self-Assessment Rubrics (TSAR)” by Hrushikesh Senapaty (2019) for the Teachers’ Teaching Performance, and Achievement Integration Program-School Staff Survey Questionnaire by the Minnesota Department of Education (2009) for the School Performance. The results showed that personnel management practices of the school administrators in Garcia-Hernandez district were very satisfactory. Teachers’ level of performance in terms of designing learning experiences, knowledge and understanding of the subject matter, strategies for facilitating learning, interpersonal relationship, professional and school development were very satisfactory. Likewise, the respondents’ perception on school performance in terms of climate and environment, leadership and government, professional learning, data-based decision-making, improvement initiatives, family and community partnership were also very satisfactory. There is a significant relationship between personnel management practices to teachers’ level of performance and school performance. This study concludes that effective personnel management practices positively influence the performance of both teachers and schools. The study showed that when school leaders engage in discussions with teachers to establish educational goals, provide opportunities for professional development, and encourage participation in school decision-making processes, it results in better teacher performance and contributes to a more positive school environment. Furthermore, it indicated that when teachers design learning experiences that incorporate the knowledge and experiences of their students, foster interpersonal relationships, and engage in ongoing professional development, these lead to better student outcomes and contribute to school improvement. It was recommended that school heads/principals may assign available teaching staff ahead of time in the absence of the regular teacher. The available teacher shall provide modules for the student’s activity in order for them to learn, and to make sure that teaching-learning process continues. Teachers are highly encouraged to pursue graduate and post-graduate studies. Further, schools should have quarterly monitoring and evaluation on their programs, activities and projects for school development. https://ijels.com/detail/personnel-management-practices-in-relation-to-teachers-teaching-and-school-performance/ Rudy Baguhin Llemit https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/19IJELS-103202412-Personnel.pdf The paper deals with the Theme of Guilt and the search for Redemption. Throughout the short stories “The Black cat” and “The Tell -Tale Heart”, both the narrator demonstrates their Guilt of Murder. They are obsessed with unusual things like the black cat and the old man’s evil eye. This shows that both the characters have obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Poe tells the readers that no one can escape from the guilt. In the short stories, they feel extreme guilt and they justify themselves by repenting towards the sin that they have committed. The guilt that is tormenting the narrators can be justified by two perspectives of guilt, one is guilt as a moral emotion and the other is, as a social emotion. https://ijels.com/detail/the-portrayal-of-the-theme-of-guilt-and-search-for-redemption-in-the-tell-tale-heart-and-the-black-cat/ C. Laura Shirley https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/20IJELS-103202424-Theportrayal.pdf Women writing is an important area of study. It is one of the crucial ways for women to rise against male oppression. It took longer time than expected for female writers to flourish as women were not allowed to read and write, let alone enter the domain of writing. In India women authors gained recognition only in the 19th century. Writing allowed women to express their emotions, frustrations and social injustice which had been meted on them from centuries. Their writings show the urge to be treated equally with men. They were influential idol for common women to rise above patriarchy and lead their life on their own terms. https://ijels.com/detail/the-real-confessions-of-indian-women-writers-through-their-work/ Khyati Tyagi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/21IJELS-103202430-TheReal.pdf This article explores the profound intersection of poetry and ecological consciousness in Louise Gluck’s selected poems, particularly in her collections A Village Life and Faithful and Virtuous Night. Through a meticulous analysis of Gluck’s evocative verses, the article delves into how she intricately weaves themes of interconnectedness, environmental degradation, and the cyclical rhythms of nature. Gluck's poetry serves as a poignant reflection on humanity’s relationship with the natural world, prompting readers to contemplate their role as stewards of the environment. Through her lyrical language and profound insights, Gluck invites readers to traverse the terrain of ecological consciousness, inspiring a deeper appreciation for the intricate web of life and the imperative of embracing sustainable practices. Ultimately, this article illuminates how Gluck’s poetry serves as a beacon of enlightenment amidst ecological crises, urging us to reflect on our relationship with the environment and aim for a more peaceful relationship with the environment. https://ijels.com/detail/poetry-and-ecological-consciousness-in-louise-gluck-s-selected-poems/ Nirupama Kujur https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/22IJELS-103202432-Poetry.pdf The DepEd Division in Binan City, Laguna manages public schools, supports staff development, and promotes literacy through early childhood education and community involvement. To address these goals, the researcher introduced VERBAID, an interactive digital tool for Grade 12 students. This tool aimed to enhance vocabulary, reading, writing, language confidence, digital literacy, and independent learning. It also provided data-driven insights and professional development opportunities for teachers. Using a pretest-posttest design on Grade 12 students in Binan City, the study found that VERBAID significantly improved vocabulary skills, with scores rising from 13.714 to 20.833. The observed improvement was evident in the significant difference between pretest and posttest mean scores. The study underscored VERBAID's potential for vocabulary education and recommended its use across age groups in educational settings. It stressed the importance of teacher training and ongoing research for optimal implementation. Future research with larger, diverse samples and longitudinal studies could further validate VERBAID's effectiveness and explore its long-term impact on vocabulary development. https://ijels.com/detail/grade-12-senior-high-school-students-efficiency-in-vocabulary-building-via-interactive-digital-tool-verbaid/ Danilo M. Ayong, Matilda H. Dimaano https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/23IJELS-103202429-Grade.pdf The potential of corpus linguistics to transform grammar training in the digital era is examined in this study. An in-depth review of the literature looked at the benefits and challenges of corpus-based approaches. Teachers may customize education to meet the unique needs of each student by using corpus linguistics, which provides insightful information about how language is used in everyday situations. Through the integration of real-world language samples and theoretical grammar principles, corpora can foster critical thinking and increase student engagement. Nevertheless, integrating corpus linguistics necessitates resolving technological issues, creating useful teaching resources, and educating educators. The study provides suggestions for using corpora in grammar training as well as future research topics. Using online corpus tools for student exploration, utilizing corpus analysis to uncover typical student mistakes, and creating activities that motivate students to study corpus data in context are some of these proposals. By using corpus linguistics, teachers may close the gap between grammar instruction theory and practice and enable students to become independent language learners. https://ijels.com/detail/grammar-instruction-in-the-digital-age-the-impact-of-corpus-linguistics/ Dr. Nagamurali Eragamreddy https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/24IJELS-10420241-Grammar.pdf This article studies the interactions between poetic language and cinematographic language in the poetry of Marília Garcia. Taking into account the research of Rosa Maria Martelo (2007, 2012), this work explores dialogs between poetry and cinema to analyze the poem “estereofonia” (stereophonia) in the book Camera Lenta (Slow Motion). In addition, the article positions the poem closer to the cinema of poetry, a cinematographic genre described by Pier Paolo Pasolini (1982). Ultimatley, it concludes that cinematographic syntax organizes the word-images of Marília Garcia’s poetics. https://ijels.com/detail/language-in-displacement-the-word-image-in-the-poetry-of-mar-lia-garcia/ Leandro Marinho Lares, Andréa Portolomeos https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/25IJELS-103202435-Language.pdf This study delves into the intersection of Theatre of Absurd and modern realities, aiming to uncover the enduring relevance and applicability of absurdist concepts in understanding contemporary socio-cultural landscapes. Drawing from a qualitative framework, the research examines the philosophical underpinnings of Absurdism and its manifestations in major key playwrights’ works. Primary data comprises selected Absurdist plays, analyzed through thematic lenses, while secondary sources enrich contextual understanding. The study navigates the complexities of modern existence, characterized by rapid technological advancements, socio-political shifts, and existential uncertainties. It explores how Absurdism offers unique insights into contemporary challenges, fostering a dialogue that illuminates the complexities of the human condition amidst the absurdities of the modern world. Moreover, the study addresses the gap in existing research by focusing on the contemporary relevance of Absurdist Theatre, particularly in the context of 21st-century challenges. By bridging the gap between historical analysis and present-day realities, this research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how Absurdist philosophy continues to inform contemporary discourse and artistic expression. Through careful analyses and cultural contextualization, this research aims to unravel the intricate relationship between Theatre of Absurd and modern realities, contributing to a refined understanding of the human experience in the 21st century. https://ijels.com/detail/absurdism-unveiled-the-intersection-of-the-absurd-and-modern-realities/ Kumari Gunjan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/26IJELS-10420249-Absurdism.pdf Meursault, the protagonist in Albert Camus’s The Outsider, is emotionally detached. He shows very less concern for life, death, relationship and everything. He intends to get happiness and peace of mind being detached. He holds the belief that emotions are no source of pleasure, but rather a source of trouble. He also regards all emotional expressions as absurd and meaningless. But his detachment turns into emotional involvement and attachment in many cases in the novel. The feeling of unintentional attachment and intentional detachment run parallel in case of Meursault. He shows unintentional attachment and emotion. He is again and again drawn towards sensual pleasure. He carves for physical relation with his beloved Marie. He also possesses the felling of anger, sadness, anxiety, fear etc. which are the outcome of attachment. He is unconsciously enforced to get emotionally involved with people. He sharpens his physical senses through focusing on their satisfaction. The article discusses how Meursault embodies a type of ‘Vairagya’ (Detachment) which is described as “Markata Vairagya” (Monkey Detachment) in Hindu Philosophy. Such type of detached person deliberately detaches himself emotionally from people to gain happiness, but unaware, he is drawn into emotional involvement with others. https://ijels.com/detail/meursault-as-an-embodiment-of-markata-vairagya-monkey-detachment-in-albert-camus-s-the-outsider/ Dr. Pradip Kumar Behera https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/27IJELS-10420246-Meursault.pdf Indian English literature began as an interesting by-product of an eventful encounter in the late eighteenth century between a vigorous and enterprising Britain and a stagnant and chaotic India. As a result of this encounter as F.W. Bain puts it ‘India a withered trunk… suddenly shot out with foreign foliage’. The first problem that confronts the historian of Indian English literature is to define its nature. The question has been made rather complicated owing to two factors: first this body of writing has, from time to time, been designated variously as ‘Indo-Anglian literature’, ‘Indian Writing in English’ and ‘Indo-English literature’. Secondly the failure to make clear-cut distinctions has also often led to confusion between categories such as ‘Anglo-Indian literature’, literature in the Indian languages translated into English and original composition in English by Indians. Thus, in his A Sketch of Anglo-Indian Literature (1908), E.F. Oaten considers the poetry of Henry Derizio as a part of ‘Anglo-Indian literature’ the same critic in his essay on Anglo-Indian literature in the Cambridge of English Literature includes Toru Dutt, Sarojini Naidu, Rabindranath Tagore and Arvindo Ghose among ‘Anglo-Indian writers along with F.W. Bain and F.A. Steel. https://ijels.com/detail/indian-english-fiction-seeding-to-efflorescence/ Sami Ullah Bhat https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/28IJELS-104202416-IndianEnglish.pdf Arundhati Roy’s The Ministry of Utmost Happiness offers a profound exploration of the evolving roles and responsibilities of women in Indian society. As usual, Arundhati Roy showed us how to become a champion of the downtrodden. Her latest work The Ministry of Utmost Happiness is evidence of her promises towards society. Not only does she depict the inhuman condition of subalterns but she also projected them as new faces of subjugated people who fight against prejudice and unjust society. The faces which have defied the discriminatory social norms and set their journey of respect and identity. This research endeavour is taken to critically analyse the novel which reflects on the two different lives lived by the different women and transgender characters. It will analyse two different presentations of the same women's character. One character is, one who has lived a life of disrespect, humiliation, and oppression. Other characters are the same but the difference lies in their evolving personalities. The evolved women are more resilient, empowered, independent, publicly stand-alone and challenge societal norms. The perspectives of ‘subalternity’ will be analysed from Ranajit Guha, Gayatri Chakraborty Spivak and the other scholars of the Subaltern Studies Group and the concept of ‘New Women’ will be analysed from the theory given by Sarah Grand. After analysing two different theoretical concepts the proposed studies will show how women and transgender subalterns become New Women in society. https://ijels.com/detail/reading-roy-s-the-ministry-of-utmost-happiness-a-tale-of-subalternity-and-new-women/ Avdhesh Kumar Suman, Dr Vibhash Ranjan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/29IJELS-104202430-Reading.pdf Khaled Hosseini has gained notoriety as a result of his accurate portrayal of his homeland, Afghanistan. His tales are set against Afghanistan’s history, culture, custom, and ethnic variety. His novels’ themes are not limited to a single country or culture; rather, they show the sufferings, struggles, and adventures that are shared by many nations and cultures. A Thousand Splendid Suns follows the lives of two female protagonists, Mariam and Laila, and how their paths cross following a series of dramatic occurrences. The novel then tracks their ongoing relationship and support for one another in Kabul from the 1970s to the 2000s. The tale is set against the backdrop of Afghanistan’s post-Soviet invasion insecurity. It also goes into detail about life under the Taliban rule. The tale highlights the plight of ‘Afghani-women’ over the conflict’s long years. This research paper minutely traces at unconventional relationships and their amalgamation in the novel A Thousand Splendid Suns. The novel is broken into four sections, each of which focuses on different stories. It provides readers with a comprehensive understanding of how women in other countries are treated, and continue to be treated, today. https://ijels.com/detail/khaled-hosseini-s-a-thousand-splendid-suns-a-saga-of-unconventional-relationships/ Dr. Sofia Sadique Qureshi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/30IJELS-112202322-Khaled.pdf Interconnected experiences reveal ongoing marginalization and injustice in the contemporary globalized society. The accounts provided in this study connect the experiences of marginalized people, exposing common struggles and collective consciousness. Based on the concepts of Durkheim, the study examines how common challenges cultivate collective identity. Micropolitical dynamics, which take place in an unusual guest house, emphasize power relationships and resistance to systemic oppression. The narrative demonstrates persistent prejudices that widen societal divisions while critically evaluating the unfulfilled promises of globalization. Arundhati Roy's The Ministry of Utmost Happiness presents a transformative vision that questions established norms. Roy's characters demonstrate how neoliberal intersections may spark a collective consciousness and provide insights and inspiration for an alternative model to prevailing neoliberal globalization. This research emphasizes the literature's effectiveness in addressing today's critical concerns and paving the road for diversity and inclusivity. https://ijels.com/detail/intersections-and-collective-consciousness-in-the-ministry-of-utmost-happiness-understanding-micropolitics-of-arundhati-roy/ Prakhar Medhavi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/31IJELS-104202417-Intersections.pdf This research paper examines the patterns and presentations in Girish Karnad’s major plays. Girish Raghunath Karnad (19 May 1938-10 June 2019) was the foremost Kannada playwright of India. In addition to writing plays, he was also an actor, film director, and a Jnanpith awardee, who dominated in the fields of Hindi, Kannada, Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu, and Marathi films. His ascent to prominence as a playwright in the 1960s signaled the advent of contemporary Indian playwriting in Kannada as Badal Sarkar, Vijay Tendulkar, and Mohan Rakesh did in Bengali, Marathi, and Hindi respectively. He used his intellectual power to use distilled themes from history, folktales, and myths. He is able to give identity to Indian art and culture in other countries. Tughlaq(1964), Yayati(1961), Hayavadana(1971), Hittina Hunja(1980), Nagamandala(1988), Tale-Danda(1990), Fire and the Rain(1995) https://ijels.com/detail/translating-land-into-stage-observations-on-the-patterns-and-presentations-in-girish-karnad-s-hayavadana-and-nagamandala/ Sudhir Krishna Shukla, Rashi Srivastava, Kum Kum Ray https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/32IJELS-104202429-Translating.pdf This study explores the complex ways that three well-known novels—Anne Rice's "The Witching Hour," Melissa de la Cruz's "Witches of East End," and Nora Roberts' "Dark Witch"—present gender, sexuality, and cultural viewpoints on witchcraft. Every book is a different fusion of romance, fantasy, and fiction that incorporates witchcraft into a variety of cultural settings. The examination looks at how the writers deal with gender norms in the setting of witchcraft, with a focus on how they represent female protagonists and their autonomy in magical worlds. The study also examines how sexuality is portrayed, looking into how romantic and sexual interactions are portrayed in the context of witchcraft and whether these depictions upend or support conventional standards. A key component of every story is cultural awareness, with an emphasis on the ways in which the writers integrate mythology, folklore, and cultural customs pertaining to witchcraft. The impact of cultural circumstances on the identities and magical practices of the characters, as well as the cultural authenticity and sensitivity with which these elements are portrayed, are all closely examined in this study. This study attempts to provide light on the various ways that modern literature examines and explains gender relations, sexuality, and cultural understanding within the context of witchcraft by contrasting and analyzing these three books. The findings clarify the intricate interactions between fantasy components and actual cultural, gender, and sexual dynamics, adding to the larger conversation on representation and diversity in fiction. https://ijels.com/detail/exploring-gender-sexuality-and-cultural-understanding-of-witchcraft-in-nora-roberts-dark-witch-melissa-de-la-cruz-witches-of-east-end-and-anne-rice-the-witching-hour/ Vaasvi Sahni, Surbhi Saraswat https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/33IJELS-10420245-Exploring.pdf This paper examines the three novellas of The Angel's Beauty Spots by K. R. Meera, which portray the triumphant stories of three tenacious women who overcame agonies and traumas to assert their identities in adverse surroundings. Meera's women draw attention to the voices of numerous unheard, emotionally neglected characters, and the purpose of this paper is to highlight how their strong-mindedness, premeditated thoughts, and unfeigned emotions helped them stand second to none in the engrossed minds of readers. Through her signature mark of creating power-packed lady dons, Meera announces to the world that physical strength does not match a person's intestinal fortitude, particularly a woman. The paper aims to show the efficacy of writing that ultimately makes the characters sensible, pleasant, still, a painful memory. https://ijels.com/detail/k-r-meera-s-tough-and-tenacious-women-in-the-angel-s-beauty-spots/ Rekha K.G., Manjula K.T. https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/34IJELS-104202418-K.R..pdf Jayanta Mahapatra is widely celebrated as an iconic figure and revered as the Father of Modern and post-modern Indian English poetry. He is known for his unique blend of imaginative realism and profound philosophical insights in his poetry. This research paper presents a comprehensive exploration of the visionary poet Jayant Mahapatra's literary works, focusing on the intertwining themes of realism and philosophy within the rich tapestry of Indian literature. His profound poetical works serve as a cornerstone in any discourse on Indian English Poetry, vividly portraying themes of social discrimination and the erosion of moral values. Internationally acclaimed, Mahapatra's masterpieces such as "Hunger," "Myth," and " Summer" are hailed as flawless examples of majestic poetry that compel readers to grapple with profound societal truths. Delving deeper into his repertoire, his philosophical musings in poems like "The Moon Moments" and "Total Solar Eclipse" resonate with a stark realism that captivates and mesmerizes audiences worldwide. An immersive and enlightening reading of Mahapatra's poetic oeuvre, sheds light on how his imaginative realism and philosophic insights offer a deep understanding of contemporary Indian society, its complexities, and the human condition at large. His poetry is remarkable for its profound depth of emotions and true poetic imagination, which spans a wide variety of themes. His work evokes intense emotional connections with the world around him, as he skillfully transforms everyday events into verse. To quote Robert Frost: “Poetry is when an emotion has found its thought and the thought has found words.” Mahapatra's imaginative canvas powerfully delves into the human condition, where a brooding landscape, heavy bodily passions, and interior compulsions intertwine with the agonizing strands of human existence, offering a profound and thought-provoking exploration of our innermost struggles. He himself stated “I fell in love with English. I played with words, turning them over and over again until they were heavy with meaning.” https://ijels.com/detail/the-mosaic-of-society-jayant-mahapatra-s-imaginative-realism-and-philosophic-insights-in-indian-social-milieu/ Purnima Bhardwaj, Dilkesh Gangwar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/35IJELS-104202433-TheMosaic.pdf Every discourse on geopolitical issues in contemporary world rearticulates how geographical factors such as location, resources, terrain, and climate influence political behaviour, power structures, and foreign policy decisions of states and nations act on the global stage. Any strategy undertaken for geopolitical analysis considers the distribution and exercise of power by examining the capabilities of states in terms of military strength, economic resources, technological advancements, and diplomatic influence. In fact foreign policies are formulated; trade, commerce and international relations are assessed; the significance of territory and borders are shaped; potential disruptions, political instability and shifts in global power dynamics are anticipated; all determined and bridled by the geopolitical flux. Even though literature is primarily entitled to narratives and character build ups, literary texts are often employed by authors to comment on real-world geopolitical issues, power dynamics, and global events. By delineating details such as borders, territories, and geopolitical alliances; by examining the larger politics between individuals, communities, or nations; by weaving complex plots involving espionage agents, political leaders, or diplomats, by highlighting the intricacies of international relations and the pursuit of strategic interests, fictional narratives offer insights into the complexities of human relationships, societal structures, and the forces that shape our world. The current paper is an exhaustive study of the geopolitical configurations and intricate dispositions in the fictional fabric of Elif Shafak, the most widely read Turkish British author whose novels reflect the convoluted tapestry of Turkish society, the intersection of Eastern and Western cultures, and Turkey's unique position bridging Europe and Asia. https://ijels.com/detail/geopolitical-configurations-in-the-fictional-terrains-of-elif-shafak/ Adeela Velapurath Nazeer, Sumathi R https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/36IJELS-104202434-Geopolitical.pdf This article explores the enduring impact of Indian mythology on contemporary literature, particularly through the reinterpretation of ancient epics like the Ramayana. It delves into recent literary works that reimagine these timeless tales, offering fresh perspectives that resonate with modern audiences. Beginning with an overview of Indian mythology's rich tapestry, the article highlights its universal themes and relatable characters, from the noble prince Rama to the resilient Sita. It discusses notable works such as Amish Tripathi's Sita: Warrior Of Mithila, P. Lalita Kumari’s The Liberation of Sita, and Anand Neelakantan's Asura: Tale of the Vanquished, which provide alternative viewpoints on familiar mythological narratives. The article also explores the evolution of mythopoeia in Indian epics, emphasizing how these narratives have adapted to contemporary sensibilities while retaining their essence. It discusses the transformative process of "mythya," wherein myths transcend literal truth to convey deeper philosophical truths and allegorical meanings. Moreover, the article delves into the feminist reinterpretation of Indian mythology, spotlighting authors like Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni and Volga, who have reclaimed the voices of subaltern female characters. These retellings offer nuanced portrayals that challenge patriarchal interpretations and provide a platform for marginalized perspectives. Lastly, the article underscores the importance of reclaiming subaltern voices in mythology, showcasing how retellings have amplified the stories of characters traditionally overlooked or sidelined. Overall, it demonstrates the dynamic interplay between ancient mythology and contemporary literature, showcasing the enduring relevance and transformative potential of mythological retellings in shaping our understanding of the human experience. https://ijels.com/detail/from-myth-to-mythya-a-study-on-the-metamorphosis-of-ramayana-in-modern-india/ Kanhu Charan Munna https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/37IJELS-104202428-FromMyth.pdf Daphne Du Maurier builds a fairy tale narrative in Jamaica Inn, with a classic villain and a conflicted damsel-in-distress in gothic romances, brought together within a toxic marital bond. This paper aims on scrutinizing the character of ‘Aunt Patience’ as an inspiration behind ‘marriage’ motivating an exercise of patriarchal control, through invasion of female psychology. Recurring instances of terror, crime, incest and domestic violence, still celebrate the triumph of female strength and undying passion for freedom. ‘Aunt Patience’, in the face of psychological and bodily threat, falls prey to a classic tragedy, with ‘supernatural’ as an integral part of her life. Horror and unrest consume her psyche, manipulating important aspects of her life to a degree of becoming ‘normal’. Home and family become synonymous to danger, compromising female sanity, with special focus on problematic social categorization of women. The aim here is to portray gothic events of Jamaica Inn, leading to mystery and social dilemma, considered as strong voices in Du Maurier classics, largely based on toxic marriages, consummation, desire and female intellectuality. https://ijels.com/detail/an-expression-of-complex-psychology-in-the-character-of-aunt-patience-as-a-gothic-component-of-jamaica-inn/ Richa Verma, Gauri Soni https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/38IJELS-104202424-AnExpression.pdf This paper examines the intersection of law and literature through the lens of William Shakespeare's plays: "The Merchant of Venice," "Measure for Measure," and "King Lear." By analysing the legal quandaries and moral dilemmas presented in these works, we uncover Shakespeare's insights into jurisprudence and its application in society. "The Merchant of Venice" scrutinizes legal procedures, the rigor of contract law, and highlights the necessity for equity in justice. "Measure for Measure" offers a critique of absolutist legalism, contrasting strict law enforcement with the need for mercy and moral consideration within governance. "King Lear" explores themes of authority, legitimacy, and natural law, presenting a narrative that questions the efficacy of man-made legal systems. Together, these plays demonstrate Shakespeare's profound understanding of legal concepts and his critique of their manifestation in society. This paper posits that Shakespeare's engagement with legal themes invites a revaluation of justice, emphasizing the relevance of a multidisciplinary approach to legal education and jurisprudence. https://ijels.com/detail/shakespearean-drama-a-tapestry-of-legal-discourse-and-literary-expression/ Shaina Dhulapkar, Ruhi Phadte https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/39IJELS-104202423-Shakespearean.pdf In recent years, there has been a noticeable shift in the realm of speculative fantasy fiction towards incorporating contemporary issues, particularly those concerning marginalized communities. Popular speculative fiction has become increasingly interested in exploring the experiences of marginalized people and how they make their way through a world that is frequently hostile to them. Rivers Solomon, in her 2019 novella, The Deep, skilfully explores the ongoing struggle of marginalized communities to reconcile their past with their present and future. Through this exploration, this study aims to gain a deeper understanding of the ways in which postcolonialism interacts in creative narratives, particularly in speculative fantasy fiction. Set in a deep underwater society inhabited by the descendants of pregnant African women who were thrown overboard during the transatlantic slave trade, this work grapples with the lasting impact of this traumatic history on the fictional “Wajinru” community while highlighting the novel's historical context. The characters and their experiences highlight the marginalization and resistance of individuals who occupy liminal spaces, while its narrative structure disrupts dominant traditional narratives. The aim of this paper is to delve into the intricate process of identity formation within the context of generational trauma portrayed in the novella. https://ijels.com/detail/fluid-identities-and-memories-in-rivers-solomon-s-the-deep/ Shrutika https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/40IJELS-104202422-FluidIdentities.pdf This article uses Robert Merton's ‘Strain Theory’ and Agnew's ‘General Strain Theory’ to investigate the manifestations of deviant behavior in F. Scott Fitzgerald's seminal novel The Great Gatsby. This study delves into the socioeconomic and psychological strains experienced by the novel's characters using meticulous textual analysis as its methodology, shedding light on the intricate dynamics between societal expectations, individual aspirations, and the pursuit of the elusive American Dream. By combining the tenets of Strain Theory with the narrative landscape of the novel, this research elucidates how economic disenfranchisement, materialistic obsessions, and psychological pressures contribute to the portrayal of deviance and disillusionment among the characters. Furthermore, this analysis sheds light on the underlying sociological realities of the Roaring Twenties era, providing a nuanced understanding of the complexities involved in pursuing the American Dream, as well as the implications for societal norms and individual behavior. Finally, this article contributes to the discourse on American literature and sociological theory by elucidating the enduring relevance of Strain Theories in understanding the complexities of human behavior and social dynamics in the context of Fitzgerald's masterwork. https://ijels.com/detail/a-reality-check-on-the-american-dream-in-the-great-gatsby-a-textual-analysis-through-strain-theories/ Rahul Borah https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/41IJELS-104202427-AReality.pdf Abdulrazak Gurnah is an Afro-British diaspora writer who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2021. His works, which center on issues like identity, racial tensions, and historical writing, mostly depict the living conditions of colonial peoples, refugees, and immigrants. Admiring Silence is a novel written by Gurnah in 1996. It tells the story of a Zanzibar refugee who, after 20 years of diaspora in Britain, is able to return home, but then has to choose to return to Britain immediately. This article takes spatial migration and diaspora under post-colonialism as the background for studying refugees and applies cultural memory theory and identity theory to analyze the memory and identity construction issues in Admiring Silence. Finally, it attempts to explain the reasons for the memory and identity dilemma of diaspora groups from the perspectives of colonialism and racism in the suzerain country, as well as the failed acculturation of diaspora refugees themselves. https://ijels.com/detail/memory-writing-and-identity-construction-in-abdulrazak-gurnah-s-admiring-silence/ Zheng Qingyue https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/42IJELS-104202420-Memory.pdf Women writers in Indian writing in English portray women as daughter, wife, mother and other stereotyped roles in their literary works of art. The cultural changes in India are contrasted through the lives of individuals, communities and the nation. The novelist interweaves many aspects of the personal life with the public matters. Shashi Deshpande’s Small Remedies (2006) is about the protagonist’s quest for self. It delineates the journey of women towards self-discovery in relation to society, and the relationships that are central to women. The women in her novels face upheavals in their marriage. The upheavals are generally inevitable when a woman refuses to conform to her ascribed traditional role. The article examines the self-discovery of the women characters in the novel Small Remedies. https://ijels.com/detail/self-discovery-in-small-remedies-a-reading-of-shashi-deshpande-s/ T. Kalpana https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/43IJELS-10420243-Self-Discovery.pdf This research article seeks to focus on exploring the diverse facets of Wole Soyinka's blending of indigenous and Western performance traditions in his groundbreaking tragedy, Death and the King's Horseman. This research article, through the examination of Soyinka's inventive dramaturgy in Death and the King's Horseman, explores how the playwright challenges the established norms of the stage by subverting the dominance of western theatrical conventions. The article underscores the dexterous integration of Yoruba cultural elements with Western dramatic techniques that Soyinka employs in his performances, resulting in a theatrical experience that transcends cultural boundaries. This study further explores how this fusion functions as a form of resistance against the cultural domination of Europe. This article posits that Soyinka’s creative combination of African and Western theatrical traditions in Death and the King’s Horseman serves the greater purpose of decolonizing the stage. Soyinka’s incorporation of indigenous performance idioms contributes to the growth of the nationalist cultural renaissance, revitalizing indigenous artistic tradition. https://ijels.com/detail/decolonizing-performance-wole-soyinka-s-synthesis-of-theatrical-traditions-in-death-and-the-king-s-horseman/ Asit Panda https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/44IJELS-104202413-Decolonizing.pdf Man-animal conflict is an ancient concept in which humans and wild animals share the same landscapes and resources for their survival. The study investigates the increasing frequency of conflict incidents between humans and animals in various locations within Jhargram District, a region known for its close proximity to both human settlements and wildlife, particularly elephants. Currently, human-animal conflict plays a significant role in altering the landscapes of the southern region of West Bengal in India, and it also has an impact on the rural economy in Jhargram District. Human population growth and expansion, deforestation, habitat degradation, land use change, and livestock grazing in forest and forest fringe areas are all considered major causes of human-animal conflicts. The study aims to pinpoint the underlying causes and repercussions of human-animal conflicts, as well as suggest management strategies to address the issue. The study reveals that people living in forest fringe areas and close to forest protected areas are often prone to attacks, particularly by elephants and other wild animals like hyenas, wild dogs, wild boars, etc. https://ijels.com/detail/the-issue-of-man-and-animal-conflict-a-case-of-jhargram-district-west-bengal/ Lipika Mandal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/45IJELS-107202430-TheIssue.pdf This article examines Islamic perspectives on disability through theological, ethical, and societal dimensions. Drawing on Qur'anic verses, Prophetic traditions, and Islamic scholarship, it emphasizes compassion, patience, and dignity for disabled individuals. Theological reflections interpret affliction as a test of faith and an opportunity for spiritual growth, while Islamic jurisprudence balances medical care with spiritual practices like sabr (patience) and shukr (gratitude). Historical examples, such as the Prophet's inclusive treatment of disabled people, underscore the faith's commitment to equality and social integration. Welfare systems like zakat and waqf support disabled individuals' rights to education, healthcare, and economic security. Despite these teachings, cultural misconceptions persist in some communities, misinterpreting disability as punishment or caused by black magic. The article calls for adherence to Islamic values of justice and inclusivity to foster a society where all individuals, regardless of ability, are respected and empowered. https://ijels.com/detail/exploring-disability-in-islamic-thought-jurisprudence-spirituality-and-societal-integration/ Dr. Smriti Singh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/46IJELS-102202454-Exploring.pdf The accessibility and availability of drinking water in rural areas of Hisar district play a crucial role in ensuring sustainable development and public health. This study examines spatial and regional variations in drinking water sources across different Community Development (CD) blocks of Hisar district. The research utilizes data from the Public Health Engineering Department (PHED), Haryana, along with GIS mapping techniques, to analyze the distribution of treated and untreated tap water sources, as well as reliance on hand pumps. The findings highlight significant disparities among blocks in terms of water accessibility and quality. Hisar I, Hisar II and Narnaund exhibit the highest reliance on untreated tap water, whereas Hisar I and Hisar II lead in access to treated water, reflecting advanced infrastructure. Meanwhile, traditional sources like hand pumps remain crucial in many blocks, especially in areas with inadequate piped water supply. The study emphasizes the need for targeted infrastructure development, improved water treatment facilities and policy interventions to ensure equitable access to clean and safe drinking water across all rural areas of Hisar district. https://ijels.com/detail/accessibility-and-availability-of-drinking-water-in-rural-areas-of-hisar-district/ Ms. Rinku, Dr. Sudhir Malik https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/47IJELS-102202449-Accessibility.pdf Street vending has been one of the easiest ways to survive for working poor and is wide spread in the urban informal sector. Street vendors are self-employed, informal retail traders in urban labour market. Street vending is a very common economic activity in Rohtak city like any other city in India. It is very important to study about the various aspects related to social conditions of street vendors, as they are considered as marginalised group in the society. The study examines distribution of gender, age group, social category, education level, accommodation status and type of accommodation of street vendors. The study deals with 486 samples of street vendors at different locations and selling different products in Rohtak city. The study enlightens about various important social aspects related to street vending. https://ijels.com/detail/social-characteristics-of-street-vendors-in-rohtak-city/ Naveen Kumar Punia, Rajesh Malik https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/48IJELS-102202457-Social.pdf