https://ijels.com/Open Access international Journal to publish research paperen-usOctober 10 Yayati and Hayavadana are the most eminent plays written by Girish Karnad. Myths are recognized as perfect ethical perspective from an alternate perspective. Myth holds significant importance in history as well as in literature, philosophy, and various aspects of human life. Myths have been a crucial element in oral, written, and visual storytelling for many millennia. That is the reason they have been present throughout all of humanity’s history. Every child in India has been raised hearing mythological stories of gods and goddesses. Mythological tales are also essential in the study of culture. Yayati is a mythological tale that is part of our Indian heritage. Yayati retells a mythological story from the Mahabharata, focusing on ancient king Yayati and his desires. Karnad sourced the plot of the play Hayavadana from Kathasaritsagara, an ancient Sanskrit collection of stories. https://ijels.com/detail/girish-karnad-s-yayati-and-hayavadana-a-mythical-experiment/ Dr. C. Kalaivani https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/1IJELS-108202436-Girish.pdf The following paper will explore the literary and subsequent social significance of madness in literature, notably “The Bell Jar” and “King Lear” since their authors have both similarities and differences in their approaches and contexts surrounding this theme. This paper attempts to explore the how, what and why when it comes to both authors’ approaches to the theme of madness, delving into debates such as the power of social construction in literary media, and addressing timeless social disputes such as gender and age inequality. Ultimately this paper not only explores how the authors of The Bell Jar” and “King Lear” present the theme of madness, but why, it’s still important to understand. https://ijels.com/detail/explore-how-the-authors-of-the-bell-jar-and-king-lear-present-the-theme-of-madness/ Phoebe Allen https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/2IJELS-108202442-Explore.pdf This paper explores the journey of the literary evolution of Arunachal Pradesh from oral to text, tracing its development through significant socio-cultural and political changes from the mid-20th century to the present. Using a combination of historical analysis, personal interviews with prominent writers, and literary theories, particularly postcolonial theory, this paper chronicles the literary history of Arunachal Pradesh into three phases, providing a comprehensive understanding of its origin and development. This paper also examines the contributions of notable writers such as Lummer Dai, Yeshi Dorjee Thongchi, Mamang Dai, and Taro Sindik in shaping the literary landscape of Arunachal Pradesh. Therefore, this study highlights the unique literary expression of Arunachal Pradesh and the journey of its literary evolution. https://ijels.com/detail/mapping-the-literary-landscape-of-arunachal-pradesh/ Yater Nyokir https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/3IJELS-108202441-Mapping.pdf This study explores the sustainable development strategies implemented by selected restaurants in Talavera, Nueva Ecija, focusing on their approaches to internal and external environments. Utilizing a descriptive research design, the study aims to accurately depict the sustainability practices of five surveyed restaurants, chosen through simple random sampling to ensure unbiased representation. Data were gathered via survey questionnaires, featuring Likert scale questions that assessed the demographics of the restaurants and their internal and external sustainable development strategies. The research highlights the crucial role of sustainable development practices in Talavera's restaurant industry, providing valuable insights for stakeholders to enhance sustainability in their operations. Findings indicate that while the restaurants have established a solid foundation in sustainability, there are opportunities to further refine their practices to improve overall performance and competitiveness in the market. https://ijels.com/detail/sustainable-development-strategies-in-talavera-nueva-ecija-s-restaurant-industry-a-comprehensive-analysis-of-internal-and-external-practices/ Aileen Gabriel Bondoc, Cynthia A. Sandoval, Denise Katrina S. Perez, John Wilson V. Arceo, Emmanuel J. Duplon, Roberto V. Reyes Jr., Mark Alvin H. Abad https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/4IJELS-107202416-Sustainable.pdf The history of African American Poetry is inextricably linked with the capitalist demand for workers from the already established slave market in Africa through the notorious trans-Atlantic slave trade. For example, one of the first poets of African American literature is named Phillis Wheatley but this was not her actual name. Phillis was the name of the slave ship on which she was brought to a foreign land and Wheatley was the name of her white masters who took her as property. The modus operandi of white supremacy was inhuman and extremely violent. Terrorist groups like the Ku Klux Klan terrorized African Americans. One of the cruel methods of alienating African Americans was the practice of lynching. By this way the black body was converted into an object, which the white ‘master’ could discipline and punish. In this paper, I have discussed the African American resistance to the practice of lynching using poetry. The poets whose works have been discussed are Sterling Brown and Esther Popel. https://ijels.com/detail/exposing-the-violence-on-african-american-people-by-white-supremacist-ideology-poetry-of-sterling-brown-and-esther-popel/ Dibyajit Mukherjee https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/5IJELS-108202437-Exposing.pdf The paper offers a critical examination of the film The Pursuit of Happyness vis-à-vis the American Dream set against the backdrop of 1980s San Francisco during a period of economic instability. Focusing on the life of Chris Gardner, an African American man striving for upward mobility, the film juxtaposes the ideals of rugged individualism and success with the harsh realities of systemic economic and racial barriers. Through theoretical frameworks provided by Louis Althusser, Terry Eagleton, and Walter Benjamin, this study explores how ideology interpellates individuals into specific social positions, reinforcing class hierarchies and perpetuating economic inequality. Althusser’s concept of interpellation is key in analyzing how Gardner's identity and aspirations are shaped by the cultural and ideological structures around him. By critically engaging with the film’s portrayal of financial struggles, systemic oppression, and the illusion of the American Dream, this analysis highlights the ways in which capitalist ideology constrains personal fulfillment and reinforces societal inequities. The paper shows the film serves a broader commentary on the enduring structural inequalities in capitalist societies than just a as a narrative of individual perseverance. https://ijels.com/detail/the-dream-and-ideological-underpinnings-in-gabriele-muccino-s-the-pursuit-of-happyness/ Binod Sapkota https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/6IJELS-10920248-TheDream.pdf Two major themes that have been depicted in literature of nearly all periods, through various symbols and characters, have been ‘beauty’ and ‘tragedy’. From ancient to contemporary authors, these concepts have intrigued psyches and have made their way into many stories, be it classics or folk tales. This paper analyses four major instances where these two predominant subjects have overlapped, from the works of Homer and Ovid to the more recent Oscar Wilde; highlighting the concurrence of the two major ideas. https://ijels.com/detail/the-death-of-venus-analysing-the-connecting-depictions-of-beauty-and-tragedy-in-literature/ Khushi Kataria https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/7IJELS-0920247-TheDeath.pdf Cameroon, a central African country, is known for its linguistic diversity, with over 284 languages spoken within its borders. The mother tongue plays a crucial role in preserving cultural heritage and promoting identity, as it serves as a carrier of traditions, customs, and values. Speaking one's mother tongue allows for deeper connection to emotions and thoughts, leading to stronger self-expression. However, the country's official languages, English and French, can sometimes overshadow local languages, posing challenges. Despite these challenges, preserving the mother tongue is essential for national unity and promoting effective communication. Governments and educational institutions can support local languages by allocating resources, creating policies for inclusion, and encouraging language maintenance and revitalization efforts. This approach fosters unity and celebrates the unique linguistic fabric of Cameroon, allowing the country to continue to prosper and maintain cultural vibrancy. https://ijels.com/detail/the-multilingual-dynamics-of-cameroon-exploring-the-influence-of-mother-tongue/ Nkelaka Jeanne Achanga, Domche Teko E. https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/8IJELS-09202419-TheMultilingual.pdf This paper explores the interdisciplinary intersection between Quantum Theory and literary analysis, particularly focusing on William Shakespeare’s "Hamlet." By examining the character of Hamlet through the principles of quantum mechanics, specifically Schrödinger's wave function and the concept of superposition, we aim to demonstrate how scientific metaphors can provide novel insights into literary texts. This approach not only deepens our understanding of characters and narratives but also bridges the gap between the sciences and the humanities, highlighting their interconnectedness and mutual relevance. The paper concludes by discussing the implications of this interdisciplinary methodology, its limitations, and future directions for research. By employing quantum theory and the Schrödinger equation as metaphors, we gain deeper insights into the intricate layers of Hamlet’s character and the overarching themes of the play. This interdisciplinary approach enriches our understanding of Shakespeare’s work, highlighting the profound connections between the uncertainties and probabilities in quantum mechanics and the existential dilemmas faced by Hamlet. This perspective not only offers a unique lens for literary analysis but also demonstrates the potential for cross-disciplinary interpretations to enhance our appreciation of classic literature. https://ijels.com/detail/an-interdisciplinary-interpretation-of-literature-through-the-lens-of-quantum-theory/ Ravi Prabhat, Purushottam Kumar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/9IJELS-09202414-AnInterdisciplinary.pdf Poetry is the communication of experiences in the form of art. The experiences which defined as poetry of the personal is called confessional poetry. Confessional poetry is the frank expression of personality. This poetry is of self-revealing in nature as it seeks to reveal the poets' state of mind and their feelings. Sylvia Plath, Kamala Das, Anne Sexton and Andrienne Rich are best examples of confessional poets. They universalized the sufferings and surmounting pain of womanhood through the lens of their own experiences in their lives. Their works demonstrate the tragedy of life of being a woman in a patriarchal based structure of society. In subject matter, confessional poets concentrate on the history of their own lives. https://ijels.com/detail/confessional-poetry-revealing-contemporary-realities-through-self-agonies/ Dr. Richa Smriti https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/10IJELS-108202448-Confessional.pdf Communication is commonly defined as the transmission of information. Its precise definition is disputed and there are disagreements about whether unintentional or failed transmissions are included and whether communication not only transmits meaning but also creates it. Models of communication are simplified overviews of its main components and their interactions. Many models include the idea that a source uses a coding system to express information in the form of a message. The message is sent through a channel to a receiver who has to decode it to understand it. The main field of inquiry investigating communication is called communication studies. A common way to classify communication is by whether information is exchanged between humans, members of other species, or non-living entities such as computers. For human communication, a central contrast is between verbal and non-verbal communication. Verbal communication involves the exchange of messages in linguistic form, including spoken and written messages as well as sign language. Non-verbal communication happens without the use of a linguistic system, for example, using body language, touch, and facial expressions. Another distinction is between interpersonal communication, which happens between distinct persons, and intrapersonal communication, which is communication with oneself. Communicative competence is the ability to communicate well and applies to the skills of formulating messages and understanding them. Non-human forms of communication include animal and plant communication. Researchers in this field often refine their definition of communicative behavior by including the criteria that observable responses are present and that the participants benefit from the exchange. Animal communication is used in areas like courtship and mating, parent–offspring relations, navigation, and self-defense. Communication through chemicals is particularly important for the relatively immobile plants. For example, maple trees release so-called volatile organic compounds into the air o warn other plants of a herbivore attack. Most communication takes place between members of the same species. The reason is that its purpose is usually some form of cooperation, which is not as common between different species. Interspecies communication happens mainly in cases of symbiotic relationships. For instance, many flowers use symmetrical shapes and distinctive colors to signal to insects where nectar is located. Humans engage in interspecies communication when interacting with pets and working animals. Human communication has a long history and how people exchange information has changed over time. These changes were usually triggered by the development of new communication technologies. Examples are the invention of writing systems, the development of mass printing, the use of radio and television, and the invention of the internet. The technological advances also led to new forms of communication, such as the exchange of data between computers. https://ijels.com/detail/a-review-on-communicative-english-for-engineers/ Ravikumar S K, Pruthviraj R D, Hariprasad A S https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/11IJELS-10920246-AReview.pdf In traditional academic settings, professors have historically relied on delivering lectures during class time, while students take notes. In recent years, the flipped classroom has gained prominence as a modern pedagogical approach that presents an alternative to traditional classrooms. However, despite its potential benefits, this approach also comes with its own set of drawbacks. In today's digital age, where students are deeply engrossed in their mobile phones and computers, the effectiveness of the flipped classroom model is called into question. This paper aims to delve into a comparative bivariate analysis of two teaching methods: the flipped classroom and the traditional classroom, with a specific focus on exploring their potential emotional impact on students within the classroom setting. Results indicate that students exhibit reluctance to take responsibility for their learning, leading them to favour the traditional educational system over flipped classrooms. Today's students encounter various challenges, including excessive use of the internet and mobile devices, which can result in diminished preparedness for class. The successful implementation of the flipped classroom model relies on students taking part in activities like independently reviewing pre-class learning materials and actively participating in classroom discussions. https://ijels.com/detail/lecture-halls-or-flipped-classrooms-which-best-fits-today-s-digital-students/ Bouchra EL Kemma https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/12IJELS-09202430-Lecture.pdf This study explores the focus on the animal world in Ted Hughes' poetry. It argues that Hughes uses animals as vivid symbols of pure instinct and strength in addition to using them as symbolic figures. In analyzing poems such as "Hawk Roosting," "Pike," and "The Thought Fox," the article shows how these animals serve as mirrors, reflecting the darkness and violence that are part of human nature. Hughes' depiction of the natural environment also emphasizes the severe ecological realities and the continuous struggle for survival. As the speaker in poems like "The Thought Fox" longs to get back in touch with nature, the poet's sorrow over humanity's estrangement from nature is highlighted in the study's last section. Ultimately, Hughes's animal kingdom offers an effective frame through which we can examine the natural world ourselves, and the complex relationships among the three. https://ijels.com/detail/edward-james-ted-hughes-and-his-animal-kingdom/ Dr. Nazir Mohammad Shah, Shatakshi Misra, Dr. Keshav Dev https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/13IJELS-109202442-Edward.pdf This paper examines the nuanced representations of mental health in 20th-century British and Indian English literature, highlighting the intricacies and cultural contexts that shape these portrayals. For this purpose, this paper picks up the following texts for a comparative appraisal— Mrs. Dalloway (1925) by Virginia Woolf, Nineteen Eighty-four (1949) by George Orwell, The English Teacher (1945) by R.K. Narayan, and Cry, the Peacock (1963) by Anita Desai. These novels offer profound insights into the characters' mental state, reflecting the societal attitudes toward mental health in that period. By comparing these texts, the paper sheds light on how mental health is a universal and culturally specific issue, shaped by historical and social factors. https://ijels.com/detail/representation-of-mental-health-in-20th-century-british-and-indian-english-novels-a-comparative-analysis/ Aarya Jha, Dr. Girija Suri https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/14IJELS-109202432-Representation.pdf This study investigates Libyan EFL students' perceptions of their speaking skills, identifies barriers to their development of this skill, and explores the underlying causes of these barriers. A Likert-scale questionnaire was employed to collect quantitative data from 41 English-major students at the Department of English, University of Zawia, Libya. The findings indicate that while students acknowledge the significance of speaking skills for academic and professional success, they encounter challenges related to linguistic aspects, including vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. Psychological barriers, such as fear of criticism and shyness, also hinder their willingness to participate in speaking activities. Furthermore, the study highlights that insufficient practice opportunities and traditional, teacher-centered instructional methods are major contributors to students' difficulties in speaking. The study suggests that enhancing students speaking skills can be achieved by increasing engagement in interactive speaking activities, shifting from teacher-centered to more interactive teaching methods, and creating environment that encourage speaking practice both inside and outside the classroom. https://ijels.com/detail/from-hesitation-to-fluency-unraveling-speaking-barriers-in-efl-context/ Osama Albashir Jamoom, Noureddin Omran Bahron https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/15IJELS-109202413-From.pdf Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) was born to Edward Dickinson and Emily Norcross Dickinson in Amherst, Massachusetts. The following study intends to critically locate Dickinson’s non-heteronormative stance, adopted in selected love-poems, while also focusing on her personal letters addressed to her sister-in-law, Susan Gilbert. Dickinson, while detesting the submissive docility of a wife, often accepted the burden of acquiescence as a woman of a conservative household and a constrictive era. Nevertheless, prompted by her resentment against that anaemic passivity, she ceaselessly attempted to amend her ‘prescribed’ role – one that goes against the grain of her prized individuality. However, with her final compromise of staying within the periphery of a sequestered existence – she vented her rebellion in the words, expressions, and language that drive her ‘radical’ and often ‘esoteric’ poetry. Dickinson’s verse is markedly bold. In fact, Dickinson’s “God” is nothing short of a patriarch, trying to fortify the male-female binary. Besides examining her feminism, we readers cannot ignore her erotic voice too. Therefore, we must probe into Dickinson’s experiences of ‘otherness’ within the politics of 19th century’s heterosexual culture. Anticipating the late-twentieth-century Sapphic poems and the ‘Lesbian Existence’ as we know it today, Dickinson was already way ahead of her times. The paper explores her treatment of the ‘body’ as a metaphor of transcendence from obligatory heterosexuality, and a quest for alternative gender ideologies. Dickinson’s poetry indeed emerges as a faithful mirror of her turbulent mind, and accordingly follows an uneven trajectory – seeking to sabotage, overturn, and demolish the very notions that it willingly, at times capriciously, erects. https://ijels.com/detail/dickinson-s-transcendentalist-vision-in-verse-non-heteronormativity-the-saga-of-a-timeless-literary-couple/ Atrija Ghosh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/16IJELS-109202431-Dickinson.pdf The paper investigates the intertextuality in William Golding's Lord of the Flies by exploring its literary connections with R. M. Ballantyne's The Coral Island and Robert Louis Stevenson’s Treasure Island. It examines how Lord of the Flies incorporates and subverts elements from these two earlier novels to create new meanings, especially through irony and the questioning of morality. By engaging in a comparative analysis of the island as a setting, the study reveals that these novels, while ostensibly adventure stories, explore deeper themes related to human nature, civilization, and savagery. The research demonstrates that understanding these intertextual relationships provides readers with a richer interpretation of Golding’s work, showing how it transcends its narrative to engage in a broader literary conversation. The work contributes to the field of intertextual studies by illustrating how texts build on and transform the meanings of earlier works, particularly through Golding’s critique of romanticized depictions of island life and human virtue. https://ijels.com/detail/william-golding-s-lord-of-the-flies-and-literary-correlations-intertextuality-in-practice/ Khalid Mohamed Easa https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/17IJELS-109202426-William.pdf This paper aims to explore the issue of development at the cost of environment through Mahashweta Devi’ s novel Chotti Munda and His Arrow. Development with sustainability and balance is the imperative of today’s globlised world which faces various threats from nature such as global warming, flash flood and earthquake etc. This paper studies the novel from the environmental perspective by delving deep into the lives of tribals their marginalised status under colonialism, the implementation of development project in tribal areas and the tribals with consciousness of nature preservation. Sustainability and ec ological habitat are considered as the much required vehicles to make oure future free from natural precarity. This paper will demonstrate how tribal community which inhabits a terrain far removed from metropolis has richly inherited ecological wisdom to import the world. Thus this paper will intend to infuse tribal insights which may enrich the environmental discourse. https://ijels.com/detail/balance-between-environment-and-development-in-mahasweta-devi-s-chotti-munda-and-his-arrow/ Dr. Pankaj Kumar Shukla, Dr. Prafulla Kumar Rai https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/18IJELS-109202416-Balance.pdf In an age where technology infiltrates nearly every facet of human existence, the scrutiny and examination of surveillance practices have gained paramount importance in recent years. This paper delves into the growing field of surveillance studies, elucidating its definitions, historical roots, and present-day significance, along with the context of India. Moreover, it explores how theories and practical aspects from Western countries can be applied within the Indian context. By offering an analysis of both historical and current surveillance practices, it aims to advance the field of surveillance studies locally. https://ijels.com/detail/on-our-rising-dependence-on-tech-and-the-scopes-and-challenges-of-surveillance-studies-in-india/ Krishnendu Laha https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/19IJELS-109202440-OnOur.pdf Post-blackness emerged as a reaction against the commonly old-fashioned and restrictive representation of blackness to enhance for a more fluid, flexible and fruitful representation of blackness. It is a shifting discourse for securing a multidimensional consideration of black identity that most contemporary African American women aspire to attain. Nevertheless, the pernicious influences of black authenticity and racial essentialism cast serious doubts on the premises of post-black rhetoric and complicate the recognition of post-black identity for African American women within and across geo-racial borders. Danzy Senna is one of the post-soul writers who shed light on this critical problem in her first novel Caucasia. She depicts the tiring journey of her female protagonist Birdie Lee who keeps crossing color and geographical borders in an endeavor to resist the grips of black authenticity and racial invisibility and to recognize the fluid form of post-black identity. The possibility of Birdie’s (mis)recognition of post-black identity throughout her crossing journey is the central issue at stake. The present paper tends to illustrate the dilemma of her migrating female protagonist who is torn between the pressure of authentic blackness and the desire for post-blackness, between the influence of invisible blackness and the quest for black visibility. Interestingly, it investigates the extent to which she succeeds in recognizing a space of post-blackness through crossing practices. https://ijels.com/detail/mis-recognition-of-post-blackness-through-crossings-in-danzy-senna-s-caucasia/ Hajer Dhifallah https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/20IJELS-109202417-MisRecognition.pdf This study aims to develop a market development plan for rice retailers in Talavera Public Market by exploring the demographic profile of respondents and analyzing the pricing dynamics within the market. Utilizing a descriptive research design, data were collected to understand key factors influencing pricing, including rice quality, supply and demand, and competition. Findings indicate that most participants operate as sole proprietors, with a few in partnerships. The study highlights significant challenges faced by rice retailers, such as fluctuating costs, competitive pressures, and consumer perceptions of rice quality. These insights underscore the need for tailored strategies to address pricing inefficiencies and disparities in the rice market. Ultimately, the study proposes a market development plan to assist rice retailers in aligning their pricing strategies with market demands and consumer preferences. https://ijels.com/detail/rice-pricing-as-perceived-by-stall-owner-in-talavera-public-market-a-basis-for-market-development-plan/ Joane Ramos Malilay, Marjorie M. Orlanda, Effer Mark Joseph I M. Matias, Eduardo G. Manalili, Lealynne Dela Cruz, Rowena B. Abat, Ma. Kirsten Kaye M. Casimiro, Nomer T. Corpuz, Roberto V. Reyes Jr., Mark Alvin H. Abad https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/21IJELS-107202419-RicePricing.pdf The aim of this study is to demonstrate the phenomenon of irresponsible leadership within post-independence nations, exploring its impact on governance, societal development, and sustainability of democratic systems. The problem at hand is multi-faceted. Irresponsible leadership perpetuates a cycle of underdevelopment, erodes trust in government institutions, breeds social unrest, and hinders progress towards sustainable growth and stability. This study intends to answer the following research questions; how does irresponsible leadership affect socio-economic development of post-independence nations? and how do citizens react to to irresponsible leadership in the post-independence matrix? By analyzing , interpreting and evaluating Wizard of the Crow and The Bad Samaritan, we aim to illustrate underlying factors that contribute to irresponsible leadership, drawing parallels with historical and contemporary events. This paper is built on the hypothesis that irresponsible leadership after independence is like a tangled web of power and corruption. By examining this theme closely, the novels demonstrate how leaders can harm society through their actions, highlighting the struggles faced in building a just and fair postcolonial world. This study employs postcolonial theory which is relevant in that, it unveils how historical injustices and imbalances continue to manifest in contemporary governance. Interrogating irresponsible leadership through the postcolonial lens enable us to understand how neocolonial forces and the imposition of Western ideologies contribute to corrupt governance. Drawing upon both primary and secondary sources, this study engages in comparative analyses across varying geographical locations to offer an understanding of the nature of irresponsible leadership. The findings of this study underscore that irresponsible leadership after independence has hindered progress and development in many African countries. The study also revealed that irresponsible leadership has led to economic instability and social unrest in post-independence nations. https://ijels.com/detail/interrogating-irresponsible-leadership-within-the-post-independence-matrix-in-ngugi-wa-thiong-o-s-wizard-of-the-crow-and-alobwed-epie-s-the-bad-samaritan/ Tse-Nwi Wankah, Njong Divine, Adamu Pangmeshi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/22IJELS-109202421-Interrogating.pdf Kennedy's Funnyhouse of a Negro offers a poignant exploration of the devastating impact of racism on Black individuals and communities. Through the lens of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), this study examines the play's depiction of social binaries, such as race, gender, and education, to illuminate the struggles faced by the marginalised characters. The central focus is on the character of Sarah, whose obsession with whiteness and control leads to tragic consequences for her Black father. The play's symbolic language effectively conveys the oppressive nature of white culture and the psychological toll it takes on Black individuals. By highlighting the racial tensions and power dynamics within the play, this analysis presents the enduring legacy of racism and its impact on marginalised communities. https://ijels.com/detail/politics-of-identity-and-symbolism-a-study-of-kennedy-s-play-funnyhouse-of-a-negro/ Md Nasir Hossain, Dr. Kunnathil Muhammed Aslam https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/23IJELS-11020242-Politics.pdf Edward Said, in his seminal work "Orientalism" (1978), is credited with coining the term "orientalism," which refers to the depiction of Eastern nations from a Western point of view. While concurrently promoting imperialist ideals, this representation frequently romanticizes and exoticizes the civilizations that are now being discussed. In the 19th century, Orientalism emerged as a popular artistic and literary style in the Western world. Painters such as Eugène Delacroix, who were essential in influencing Western conceptions of the East, had a major impact on the development of this style. Delacroix's artworks, such as "The Fanatics of Tangier" and "The Jewess of Tangier," are evidence of his profound curiosity with the Eastern region of the world. The purpose of this study is to explore Delacroix's depiction of Morocco in relation to the larger implications of Orientalism. The research focuses on characteristics of exoticism, themes that are dramatic and violent, and gender stereotypes. https://ijels.com/detail/orientalist-art-morocco-s-depiction-by-delacroix-as-a-case-study/ Mohamed Mehdi El Amiri https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/24IJELS-109202454-Orientalist.pdf Abstract https://ijels.com/detail/error-analysis-of-time-adverbs-of-the-type/ Huỳnh Thế Nghĩa, Bùi Thị Mai Hương https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/25IJELS-109202459-ErrorAnalysis.pdf This paper delves into the complexities of cultural diversity and technology-mediated collaboration within Learning Management Systems (LMS). In contemporary educational settings, LMS often struggle to effectively accommodate the varied cultural perspectives of diverse student populations, thereby limiting their potential to create truly inclusive learning experiences. This study employs a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to explore how intercultural discourse analysis and design justice frameworks can inform the redesign of LMS to foster more culturally responsive and equitable learning environments. Key findings reveal that participatory design and intercultural communication principles can transform LMS into inclusive digital spaces that celebrate diversity. Educators, instructional designers, and technologists are provided with actionable strategies to enhance LMS design, advocating for digital learning environments that support and celebrate the diversity of global learners. These insights highlight the transformative potential of integrating these principles into educational technologies. https://ijels.com/detail/unraveling-the-dynamics-of-cultural-diversity-and-technology-mediated-collaboration-in-learning-management-systems/ Niveditha Pookkottuvariam https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/26IJELS-109202451-Unraveling.pdf Received: 25 Aug 2024; Received in revised form: 26 Sep 2024; Accepted: 02 Oct 2024; Available online: 08 Oct 2024 https://ijels.com/detail/interrogating-sexual-harassment-in-wanjiru-waithaka-s-the-unbroken-spirit/ Agnes Muthoni Magu https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/27IJELS-11020246-Interrogating.pdf Corporal punishment of children is a worldwide phenomenon children are physically punished in almost all society. Two key features define corporal punishment physical violence against children and the concept of punishment in response to wrong doing. Corporal punishment has great effect on the students in their academic life. It is conducted with in school. It has both positive and negative effects. When the students go against the rules and regulation and do not allow the discipline. Different types of punishment like kicking, slapping, punching or paddling etc. are given in the schools to change their negative behavior. It is observed that corporal punishment has negative effects on the student’s personality like they may falls in depression, fear and they start hatred from going to school. It will put bad effects on their personality, behavior and academic performance. Random sampling technique will be used. Data will be collected via questionnaire and then it will be analyzed by statistical package for social science (SPSS) software. Corporal punishment in schools reflects on large gap between current education policy that bans corporal punishment and actual implementations of the policy. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the impact of corporal punishment in schools at primary level in District Nowshera. https://ijels.com/detail/an-evaluative-study-of-impacts-of-corporal-punishment-on-students-personality-at-primary-level-in-district-nowshera/ Faryal Khan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/28IJELS-110202417-AnEvaluative.pdf The autobiography Selective Memory :Stories from my life of Shobha De that depicts not only the inner self of her behind being a public person but also the position of women with and without conjugality . She portrays the intense problems a women faces in her own marriage and outside her marriage .De writes about her problems of urban elite class in metro cities of India of which she is part of it.Her autobiography shows a true image of every Indian women whose first priority is always her family and friends and a true selfless love towards her husband and children ,it’s all about emotional appetite a women goes through in her life. https://ijels.com/detail/women-in-conjugality-in-the-autobiography-of-shobha-de/ Dr. Prachi Pandey https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/29IJELS-109202438-Women.pdf Toni Morrison’s Beloved delves into the theme of motherhood as a form of resistance against the horrors of slavery and the enduring psychological scars it leaves on Black families. Through the character of Sethe, Morrison explores how maternal love becomes an act of defiance, as Sethe sacrifices her daughter to protect her from the horrors of re-enslavement. The novel also examines the complex legacy of trauma that slavery inflicts on mothers and their children, revealing how the past continually shapes their identities and relationships. By confronting the haunting presence of Beloved, Sethe and her community struggle to reclaim their sense of self and humanity in the aftermath of dehumanization. Morrison presents motherhood as both an act of resistance against oppression and a means of asserting agency, identity, and communal strength in the face of immense suffering. https://ijels.com/detail/the-power-of-motherhood-resistance-and-survival-in-beloved/ Ranjan Kumar Rout, Dr. Ranjit Kumar Pati, Dr P Sunama Patro https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/30IJELS-109202454-ThePower.pdf The effects of information and communication technologies (ICT) in the field of education have long been discussed and argued by many educational scholars worldwide. Today’s youths are surrounded by information technologies. They use and interact with digital media on a constant basis, to the point where it becomes part of their daily lives. The current review provides clear evidence about the complex nature of social media and its relationship with language teaching and learning¬—an issue that has perplexed numerous scholars and led to controversial views. While some scholars blame social media for being a source of distraction, others view it as a valuable educational tool, and others take a balanced approach, highlighting its pros and cons. Given that social media utilization is a behavior, this study provides a critical synthesis of theoretical and empirical research and highlights several relevant theories, on top of which comes the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model, which offers a theoretical framework for probing students’ perceptions and attitudes towards technology adoption. The studies reviewed in this paper highlight learners’ perceptions of and attitudes towards the use of ICT in the learning process, and the present review aims to provide valuable insights for education stakeholders. https://ijels.com/detail/ict-and-language-learning-interconnections-a-review-of-the-literature/ Mounim Lakhal, Mohammed Hakimi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/31IJELS-110202415-ICT.pdf Robert Coover’s The Public Burning is a quintessential example of postmodern historiographic metafiction, presenting a bold reinterpretation of the history concerning the Rosenberg case. In this novel, Coover constructed an absurd world that blurs the lines between fictionality and reality, as well as history and text. He tried to tint a sense of historical reality in his fiction, which is a counterpart to the absurdity in real history, showcasing his reflections on social reality. Through this lens, Coover critiques the mechanisms of power and media that shape public perception. Drawing on New Historicism, which emphasizes the interplay between literature and history within broader cultural frameworks, this paper will analyze Coover’s innovative writing techniques in The Public Burning. It will explore his motivations and intentions behind the preservation and alteration of historical narratives, as well as the significance of historiographic metafiction in illuminating the complexities of historical representation and the ultimate impact on societal understanding. https://ijels.com/detail/postmodern-history-writing-the-preservations-and-alterations-of-history-in-the-public-burning/ Wang Xuening https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/32IJELS-11020243-Postmodern.pdf Today's marketing scenario is evolving, and brands use virtual influencers to promote their products and services. The following research paper talks about the dual role of virtual influencers. This study investigates the benefits the virtual influencers offer the brand and potential consumer drawbacks. In this paper, we have taken "Kyra", a domestic influencer, and "lil Mcquela", an international influencer. We have compared both influencers and found out the positive impact they create for the brands and the negative impact they create towards the consumers. https://ijels.com/detail/managing-the-dual-effect-of-virtual-influencers-examining-benefits-to-brands-and-drawbacks-for-consumers/ Aarjav Jain and Aaraav Jain https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/33IJELS-109202429-Managing.pdf This study investigates how the British media covers the Russia-Ukraine conflict, utilizing a Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis (MCDA) framework. Considering both verbal and visual components in news reportage, it intends to identify whether the reporting is balanced or biased. Built on the work of Wodak (2006), Kress and van Leeuwen (2006), Machin (2013) and Wong (2019), the paper surveys how text, graphics, and design are utilized to form narratives. A combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis of media coverage selection has been conducted to uncover the complication of these multimodal components. The results expose accomplished ideological thoughts and power dynamics that influence the narratives being told, utilizing visuals and verbal elements to strengthen particular viewpoints. While British media generally target is impartiality, biases are still embedded due to the difficult socio-political context of the conflict, emphasizing the significance of photo and self-reflection in conflict reportage. https://ijels.com/detail/bais-or-balance-multimodal-discourse-analysis-of-british-media-representation-of-russain-ukraine-war/ Shaymaa Fadhil Abdulmehdi, Prof. Abbas Lutfi Hussein https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/34IJELS-110202416-Bais.pdf Frankenstein is a novel about the sin committed by Victor Frankenstein of creating a hideous creature. The action unfolds and shows the misery treated on the creature and the way he takes his revenge. But through this novel we see the injustice, hatred, suspicion, madness and cruelty of the beings. And to endure this we need a companion without which we are left desolate like the monster or Victor himself in the end. And this relationship of humans and beauty of nature is contrasted and portrayed in this novel of the Romantic age of English literature by Mary Shelley. https://ijels.com/detail/frankenstein-a-romantic-novel/ Tanuj Pal Singh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/35IJELS-110202421-Frankenstein.pdf Teaching is an art that needs articulation concerning the learner's ability and willingness to comprehend. A teacher is a facilitator who establishes a connecting link between the coursework content provided and the receiver. The facilitator is expected to grasp the cord of the learner and differentiate in his approach towards the technical professionals, who are individuals with specialized knowledge and skills in a particular field, as well as humanities pursuers. It is challenging for the teacher to develop an interest and guide these technical professionals to study the foreign language parallel to the running core courses. Technical professionals emphasize their core subject areas significantly, as they need help understanding the relevance of learning a foreign language during their training. Thus, developing the concept of advantages associated with learning a foreign language among the students lies entirely on the service provider. The cliché of the classroom should collaborate with the intelligent methodology of teaching adopted by the imparter and show his firm belief in the students. This article is an ardent effort to discuss the issues and deliver suggestions to enhance students' interest in foreign languages and evolve to explore the chain of learning experiences. https://ijels.com/detail/study-of-foreign-business-language-a-curveball-for-technical-professional/ Shraddha Srivastava and Deepshikha Srivastava https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/36IJELS-110202419-Studyof.pdf In the Philippines, Conyo language is a type of code-mixing where people speak Taglish, a combination of the English and Filipino languages. To use this language may mean that speakers have limited knowledge of the English language. Since ancient times, the Philippines has been recognized for its linguistic diversity, this study aimed to find out the level of use of the Conyo language among first-year and second-year AB-EL students in Surigao del Norte State University, Surigao City, Philippines. Specifically, it sought the profile of the respondents as to age, sex, year level, and socio-economic status. It also investigated the significant difference between the level of use of the Conyo language as to conversation with peers, conversation at home, and classroom engagement of the respondents when grouped according to their profile variables. This study used a descriptive research design. The first-year and second-year AB-EL (Bachelor of Arts in English Language) students were the respondents of the study. A questionnaire was utilized to gather the data from the 64 respondents. The gathered data were analyzed using frequency count, percentage, average mean and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The data revealed that majority of the respondents were female, 20 years old below, first-year level, and had a 10,000 below as socio-economic status of their family. The study observed Conyo language usage among peers, at home, and in classrooms, finding no significant differences based on profile variables. It recommends further research to uncover the very underlying reasons for this usage, despite varied profiles. https://ijels.com/detail/level-of-use-of-conyo-language-among-ab-el-students/ Pychine Cabellon, Jhon Steven C. Espenido, Nikki Kylene B. Paco https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/37IJELS-11020249-Levelof.pdf Dr Anita Heiss’ Tiddas (2014) is one of the best chick lit novels ever written by any Aboriginal writer in Australia. The very name “tiddas” is an Aboriginal term which is used specially by the Northern Australians. So it is a general term used among the Aboriginal people which meant sisters or exceptional women in life. As a grammatical particle the word “tiddas” is the plural form of “tidda”. In most of the novels, written by Dr Anita Heiss, women are the major protagonists. In Avoiding Mr Right (2006) Alice Aigner is the main protagonist who represents the whole Aboriginal society and the condition of the Aboriginal women in the White centric culture. In Not Meeting Mr Right (2007) she confirms that because of the contemporary cultural miserliness and social degradation the Aboriginal women were absolutely exploited. Even they were unable to choose a Mr Right as their permanent life partner in their real life situation. Even the novel Tiddas acclaimed a huge popularity which the author herself admitted in the Author Note of the novel that she was extraordinarily energized about the edition of Tiddas which corresponds with the premiere of the stage adaption of the novel. Even she herself admits that I've still got lots of friends there and family. I've never had a bad time in Canberra, I love it there. It even featured in one of my books, Manhattan Dreaming." However, as far as the name of the novel Tiddas (2024) is concerned it absolutely a story of true friendship and sisterhood. It is the most enjoyable and human story dealing with historical and contemporary Aboriginal issues. https://ijels.com/detail/anita-heiss-tiddas-a-story-of-true-friendship-and-sisterhood-a-critical-study/ Santosh Saha https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/38IJELS-109202461-Anita.pdf With the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) and neural machine translation (NMT) technology, the translation industry is undergoing a profound transformation. AI excels at processing standardized texts quickly and maintaining terminology consistency. However, in areas such as emotional expression, cultural nuance, and literary translation, AI still faces significant limitations. This paper explores future collaboration models between human translators and AI, particularly in post-editing, cultural adaptation, contextual understanding, and emotional conveyance. By combining human creativity with AI's efficiency, higher-quality translations can be achieved. In the future, human translators will take on roles as cultural mediators and creative translators, providing flexible and deep solutions for complex cross-cultural translation tasks through collaboration with AI. https://ijels.com/detail/ai-driven-machine-translation-and-human-creativity-a-collaborative-model-for-the-future/ Cheng Jinyi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/39IJELS-110202435-AI-Driven.pdf 'Madhvi' is an age-old story of women living and dying in traditional cultural-moral confines, whose consciousness, intelligence, thinking-vision, thought-conscience have been deliberately pushed to the margins by the patriarchal system. The purpose of this paper is to understand the cruel story of the transformation of Madhavi, who is gifted with unique and divine qualities (Possessing intact virginity and becoming the mother of Chakravarti sons) by a father and lover dyed in the dark hues of idealism and greatness, and then the conceptual journey and development process of her becoming an idealist woman in the context of motherly role. https://ijels.com/detail/you-too-turned-out-to-be-just-like-the-gurus-galav-living-document-of-patriarchy-conspiracy-madhavi/ Meena Kumari https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/40IJELS-110202423-Youtoo.pdf This article examines the influence of the Bhagavad Gita on Sri Aurobindo Ghosh's literary and philosophical works. The Gita's teachings on karma, bhakti, and jnana shaped Aurobindo's philosophy of Integral Yoga, emphasizing spiritual growth through the integration of life’s physical, mental, and spiritual dimensions. His writings, especially Savitri and Essays on the Gita, reflect the Gita’s themes of selfless action, divine will, and spiritual struggle. By reinterpreting the Gita's message as a call for spiritual activism, Aurobindo created a modern path for seekers, extending the text’s relevance to contemporary spiritual and social transformation. https://ijels.com/detail/the-influence-of-bhagavad-gita-on-the-literary-works-of-sri-aurobindo-ghosh/ Purushattom Bhattacharjee https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/41IJELS-110202433-TheInfluence.pdf With the advent of technology-enhanced learning, research emphasizes the pivotal role of teachers’ beliefs in shaping their implementation of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT), whether in traditional or virtual classroom. Nevertheless, little investigation has been conducted concerning Vietnamese EFL teachers' beliefs, especially those working in language centres and private teaching, with regards to CLT and their implementation of this approach in online contexts. This research aims to explore the universal beliefs towards CLT among Vietnamese teachers as well as their methods to apply the approach into their virtual classrooms. A mixed-methods approach, with a combination of an online questionnaire and semi-structured interviews, was adopted to generate both generalised and in-depth data from Vietnamese EFL teachers. Findings showed that Vietnamese teachers have positive beliefs towards the principles and characteristics of CLT despite certain misconceptions regarding the importance of teaching grammar and a preference for teaching speaking skills. Moreover, they demonstrated a noticeable dedication as they apply certain teaching strategies and activities associated with CLT during their virtual classes. Accordingly, the research revealed a strong link and alignment between teachers' beliefs and their implementation of the approach in virtual classrooms. The research also highlighted the relevant obstacles faced by Vietnamese teachers when adopting CLT online and potential solutions to these problems. https://ijels.com/detail/vietnamese-efl-teachers-approach-in-employment-of-communicative-language-teaching-clt-via-synchronous-online-learning/ Ngoc Hong Nguyen https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/42IJELS-110202431-Vietnamese.pdf This paper explores the 2011 movie Sucker Punch directed by Zack Snyder through the lens of psychoanalytic criticism. The movie projects the many worlds of the protagonist Baby Doll in an attempt to mitigate the on-going psychological battle within her psyche. Utilizing the psychoanalytic theory the main character’s journey within the movie will be analyzed. Baby Doll’s projection or interpretation of her reality in other worlds where she sees her desires manifested in a character which differs absolutely with her reality is the crux of this paper. Using the theories propounded by Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung and Jacques Lacan an attempt will be made to situate and redefine the characters and their stories to understand them in a different light. https://ijels.com/detail/dream-reality-and-fantasy-a-psychoanalytic-reading-of-sucker-punch/ Dr. Henry Lalmawizuala https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/43IJELS-110202434-Dream.pdf Throughout millennia, the synchronic and diachronic study of South Asian literary writings has been predominantly written by male writers, reflecting the social and religious traditions in the region. But, since the late 20th century, women’s artistic abilities have gained significance. Their writings have reached the mainstream cultural imagination and have had significant impact on deconstructing the Britishness and the South Asian diaspora. The present study examines Monica Ali’s magnum opus Brick Lane (2003) as a Diasporic Bildungsroman about a female immigrant, navigating the problems of reassembling autonomy, individuality, and South Asian British identity. Further, this paper may also underscore how Ali realistically questions the traditional notion of South Asian womanhood and offers an alternative to living in an ethnic ghetto, while sexual and political seizures continue to be considered forbidden in Islamic traditions. https://ijels.com/detail/exploring-the-development-of-a-diasporic-female-bildung-in-monica-ali-s-brick-lane/ Nitisha Seoda, Devendra Kumar Sharma https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/44IJELS-110202427-Exploring.pdf Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) is one of the greatest rustic novelists as well as a great poet in English literary history. He is very good at looking at life in a tragic way and describing the human suffering in the tragic sentiment and a unique manner, so he is regarded by critics as " Shakespeare in English fiction ". His representative masterpiece, Tess of the d'Urbervilles, tells the tragic fate of Tess, a very pretty rural girl who is seduced by one man, then deserted by the other and finally propelled to murder for which she is hanged as a miserable consequence. Any tragedy is not isolated or accidental, but the result of many factors. Tess’s tragedy happens with a lot of causes. This paper aims to analyze the causes which lead to Tess’s tragedy from three perspectives: characters’ factors, social factors and writer's factors. https://ijels.com/detail/analysis-of-the-causes-of-tess-s-tragedy-from-multi-perspectives/ Jianjun Zhang https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/45IJELS-11020248-Analysis.pdf The research paper aims to examine the architectural ruins presented in the poem, The Waste Land by T.S Eliot. The scope of architecture and its destruction in the poem builds itself on the theoretical framework of Heterotopia given by Michel Foucault where the spatial structures and normative forms are challenged using figurative language. By advancing and applying Hauntology theory given by Jacques Derrida, it informs about Eliot’s created spaces that haunt of historical past and cultural myths which furthers the poem’s nuance. To reveal dislocated modernist spaces, the paper critiques on cultural collective memory, historical trauma and acknowledges how fragmented identities, memories, moral and spiritual failure places itself in the poem through physical destruction of architecture. https://ijels.com/detail/eliot-s-remains-an-enquiry-into-the-architectural-ruins-in-the-wasteland/ Pooja Singh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/46IJELS-110202442-Eliot.pdf Conflicts usually turn upside down the norms of societies, and as such, young people lack references. Since family units and social tissues are severely damaged or even broken, children are left to themselves without any guidance and safety. So, the destruction of social entities is fully accompanied by the total demise of customarily living standards where children are protected and considered to be innocent and defenseless people. That being said, it can be argued that it is the changing nature of conflicts that has brought children into its core as indispensable fighters. Since most countries were wrecked internally in the last two centuries, this collapse set communities within these territories against one another, as no social component was spared of the wrath of war. https://ijels.com/detail/exploring-the-root-causes-of-child-soldierhood-in-ahmadou-kourouma-s-allah-is-not-obliged-and-ishmael-beah-s-a-long-way-gone-memoirs-of-a-boy-soldier/ Ousmane Traore, Dr. Mansour Gueye https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/47IJELS-109202452-Exploring.pdf Despite noticeable advancements in the social status of villages across Haryana, significant challenges persist for a substantial portion of the population, particularly in accessing higher education and essential amenities. While the government has made strides in extending basic facilities to rural areas, many residents still face obstacles in obtaining adequate healthcare, education, and sanitation services. A detailed case study was conducted in Bamnoli village, located in the Jhajjar District to better understand these ongoing issues. This study aimed to evaluate various indicators of education levels and socio-economic statuses within the rural Households. Key parameters examined included household amenities, educational attainment, occupational levels, and income levels. The objective was to comprehensively analyze the village's socio-economic landscape and educational dynamics. The research relied on primary data collected from 110 households, encompassing a total of 300 respondents. Through this data, the study sought to understand the Households’ access to fundamental resources and the overall impact of infrastructural improvements on their daily lives. https://ijels.com/detail/a-socio-economic-analysis-of-bamnoli-village-of-jhajjar-district-a-case-study/ Ashish https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/48IJELS-11120248-ASocio.pdf Richard Wright’s Native Son is a powerful indictment of the systemic racism that ravages countless lives in America. The novel explores not just the rampant racism of the time but also the complicated and psychologically damaging web that it weaves when coupled with the equally oppressive, and sometimes corrosive, forces of social class and gender. The continuous oppression and systemic discrimination against African Americans create a psychological toll that few can endure, as well as a constant state of survival that many abandon hope of ever escaping. Wright's protagonist, Bigger Thomas, illustrates the explosion that such a life can trigger in some individuals. Although the novel centers on Thomas, Wright's story is not just about one man. It tells the story of many black men and women who have suffered the same extreme effects of racism. The paper examines the destructive impact of racism on African Americans in terms of four primary themes: identity, violence, systemic oppression, and the interplay of race and gender. https://ijels.com/detail/the-destructive-impact-of-racism-on-african-americans-in-richard-wright-s-native-son/ Mustafa Mohammed Rashid Al-Nuaimi, Dr. Solomon Benny https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/49IJELS-109202454-TheDestructive.pdf The privatization of drinking water in rural areas has emerged as a significant trend, particularly in Hisar district, Haryana, where gaps in public water supply have led to the proliferation of private enterprises. This study examines the share, emergence and growth of privatized drinking water services in the district, highlighting the factors driving this shift. The research findings indicate that 51 private water enterprises are currently operational, employing 170 individuals and catering to the growing demand for purified drinking water. While privatization has improved access to safe water in several villages, it has also raised concerns regarding affordability, sustainability and equity, particularly for economically disadvantaged groups. The study identifies market-driven factors, such as consumer awareness, urbanization and deficiencies in public water systems, as key contributors to the rise of private water enterprises. However, the lack of strong regulatory oversight has resulted in challenges such as over-extraction of groundwater, increased costs and social disparities in access. Analysis of survey responses reveals that while a majority of respondents recognize the role of private enterprises in improving water quality, a significant proportion express concerns over rising costs and unequal access. The study concludes that a balanced approach integrating public water infrastructure with regulated private sector involvement is essential for ensuring sustainable and equitable water access in rural Hisar. Strengthening regulatory frameworks, promoting public-private partnerships and enhancing public water supply infrastructure are recommended to address these challenges effectively. https://ijels.com/detail/privatization-of-drinking-water-in-rural-areas-of-hisar-district/ Ms. Rinku, Dr. Sudhir Malik https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/50IJELS-102202539-Privatization.pdf This paper explores the psychological struggles of female characters in Indira Goswami's The Blue-necked God through the lens of Lacan’s psychoanalytic theory. Central to the analysis is the concept of identity formation as shaped by societal constraints, particularly in a patriarchal order. Saudamini, Sashiprova, Mrinalini, and the maternal figures—Anupama and Mrinalini's mother—are examined through Lacan’s key ideas: the mirror stage, symbolic order, lack, and the Real. The characters’ identities are defined by external reflections of widowhood, spinsterhood, and motherhood, causing deep internal splits between their desires and societal expectations. By applying Lacanian theory, this paper reveals how societal structures exacerbate the mental anguish of these women, leaving them in states of profound alienation and despair. https://ijels.com/detail/exploring-female-subjectivity-in-indira-goswami-s-the-blue-necked-god-through-lacanian-psychoanalysis/ Anjali Kadian https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/51IJELS-102202554-Exploring.pdf Street vending has been one of the easiest ways to survive for working poor and is wide spread in the urban informal sector. Street vendors are self-employed, informal retail traders in urban labour market. Street vending is a very common economic activity in Rohtak city like any other city in India. It is very important to study about the various aspects related to economic conditions of street vendors, as this group is vulnerable towards economic uncertainties. The present study examines employment status of street vendors, arrangement of capital for street vending, nature of street vending, time spent in street vending and monthly income by street vending. The study deals with 486 samples of street vendors at different locations and selling different products in Rohtak city. The study enlightens about various important economic aspects related to street vending. https://ijels.com/detail/economic-characteristics-of-street-vendors-in-rohtak-city/ Naveen Kumar Punia, Rajesh Malik https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/52IJELS-102202559-Economic.pdf This article critically examines the representation of queer and transgender identities in Malayalam literature, focusing on the pervasive influence of authorial cisgender gaze in shaping these narratives. Through an analysis of works such as Ram C/o Anandhi, Randu Penkuttikal, and Shabdangal, the study highlights how cisgender authors often frame queer lives through heteronormative lenses, reducing them to tropes of suffering, or moralistic resolutions. Drawing on theorists like Butler, Halberstam and Stryker, the study argues that such portrayals reinforce heteronormative comfort rather than transgender authenticity. Transgender characters are frequently excluded from visual narratives or depicted as tragic figures, while lesbian relationships are invalidated through forced heteronormative conclusions. The article also explores the commodification of trans trauma and reader-pleasing strategies that prioritize sympathy over agency. By contextualizing these literary trends within broader theoretical frameworks such as performativity, the male gaze, and transgender critiques, the paper underscores the need for authentic, inclusive storytelling that transcends cisgender perspectives. Moving on from tracing the evolution of queer studies, this study examines a few queer narratives in Malayalam, and concludes with an examination of the politics of authorial cisgender gaze in Akhil P. Dharmajan’s Ram C/o Anandhi (first published in 2020), emphasizing the need to move beyond reductive portrayals and embrace the complexity of queer lived experiences. https://ijels.com/detail/queer-narratives-in-malayalam-explicating-the-politics-of-authorial-cisgender-gaze-in-ram-c-o-anandhi/ Anagha Prakash, Dr. Denny Joseph https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/53IJELS-106202422-Queer.pdf The focus in this paper is on Marquez’s rejection of the methods posited by 19th century European Realism. He counters the ideas of historical representation through realistic methods in the works of authors like Balzac and Stendhal. The paper uses the works of Georg Lukacs and Erich Aurebach. https://ijels.com/detail/the-counter-narrative-to-european-realism-in-gabriel-garcia-marquez-s-works/ Tridip Thakuria https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/54IJELS-106202454-TheCounter.pdf